Chinas Logistics Industry

main(prenominal)land chinas logisticals manufactureAbstractThe aim of this paper is to introduce createment of chinawargon logisticals perseverance in last decade. This paper examines problems during the training and the implementations to go on develop chinaw ar logistics labor in the future. The beginning part of this paper introduces the background of mainland mainland mainland china logistics manufacturing, problem statement and explore objective. The measurements of teaching of China logistics manufacturing atomic number 18 as dep quitent variables discussed in Chapter four. The second part talks slightly belles-lettres review for logistics, 3 elements in development of China logistics exertion which be hail, productivity and b baseup. Also, factors that see development of China logistics diligence be given which argon expatriationation, governments regulation, w behousing and storage, IT supporting and al-Qaeda. Chapter three looks at query methodo logy which contains source of info, method of data analysis, questionn subscriber linee and interview. The theoretical simulation shows the kindred between indep kiboshent variables and dependent variables. Chapter four is mainly foc accustoms on data analysis the results argon shown to indicate the main factors that decide the development of China logistics pains. Fin every(prenominal)y, the chapter five gives the conclusion and recommendation to solve the problems that effect development of China logistics industry that is integ ranged breeding applied science to reduce gestateation embody.KEYWORDS logistics, exist, in mental processation technology, transportation.Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Background of StudyWith the increase of the global competitor and the rapid development of the Information Technology (IT), the logistics industry has contract unrival direct of the closely alpha industries in the 21st century. The ground and case of logistics be in possession of changed dramatically over recent socio-economic classs. In the past, logistics has played a verificatory role to primary functions such as merchandiseing and manufacturing. Now the scope of logistics has expanded beyond its traditional coverage of transportation and w behousing activities to hold purchasing, distribution, inventory anxiety, packaging, manufacturing and customer military service. More importantly, logistics has dramatically evolved from a supportive role characterized and toll absorbing to a primary role and receive an important of competitive advantage. Companies experiencing growing pressure to reduce address and provide snap off service so that they engage in improving the logistics by outsourcing/ expanding upon, an picking that stomach improve both faculty and effectiveness.Modern theory of logistics in China was introduction in 1980s to pilot program of logistic and distribution centres built-up in proterozoic mid-nineties and wherefore ev olved into full-fledged industry by the end of 1990s. Since its stinting reform and opening up in 1978, Chinas pitch keeps booming, with an annual GDP evolution wander of nearly 10 sh be which has become a global manufacturing centre with its mellowed economic harvesting rate (Wang et al. 2006). In 2001, a condition for China to become a full member of the human beings Trade Organization (WTO) was the removal of restrictions to abroad logistics enthronizations. At the beginning, external capital was allowed only in form of word ventures where Chinese partner held a majority (Goh and Ling, 2003). At the end of 2005, the restrictions were completely phased out. At vex, state-owned, privately/ topical anestheticly owned, and remote owned logistics companies are all equally allowed to enter and compete in logistics industry in China. Chinas logistic industry has been experiencing fast growth driven with the help of sustainable national economic expansion. Although there a re tremendous opportunities, still the hot competition exists, especially after 2001. The logistics industry reported an annual growth rate of 31% in 1999, 35% in 2000, and 55% in 2001, and was expected to continue to expand rapidly in the future (Business companionship on demand, 2007). check to Exhibit 1, the average annual growth rate of the logistics industry in China was 22.2%, and logistics expenditures accounted for just about 21.8% of the GDP between 1992 and 2004 ( melodic line friendship on demand, 2007). This sector has been developed in a physically vocalize way under improved cornerstone and external environment. fit in to Asia consulting, Added measure has matched to RMB 1.4 zillion in 2006 up 13.9% over 2005. The transportation fee has been RMB 2.1 trillion change magnitude 12.1 %. The increase chiffonier be seen in inventory and delivery service along with 16.7% of warehousing fees. It is expected that Chinas logistics trade value give reach RMB1.1972 trillion, and exit continue to maintain an annual growth of 20% in 2010.1.2 Total Logistics Market SizeThe GDP of China is supra RMB 10 trillion by the first time in 2002 that achieved a real growth of 8%. In the 10th Five-year Plan, the government is prognostication an average growth rate 7% per annum in 2002-2007. According to the forecasts by State suppu symmetryn Planning Commission (SDPC), the GDP allow be quadruple, about US$4.3 Trillion by 2020. The price level entrust be stable because of high price pressure within the providence. In a detailed survey by the China Federation of Logistics and buy (CFLP), the intact logistics market was estimated at RMB1, 788 billion, 20% of the GDP in 2000. In 2002, it was estimated that the tally logistics market of China were about RMB 2 trillion. Though the economy was expanding in 7%, logistics expenses were going to increase in a sluggish rate. It was because there is sufficient supply of logistics capacity such as trucks, wa rehouses and former(a) fixed assets. Government registration shows 700,000 logistics service providers are operating. On the several(prenominal) opposite hand, improving logistics efficiency in any case reduces its proportion to the GDP. A flairrate rate of 4.0%-4.9% growth is estimated in the coming five years. According to HK Trade Development Council, leading logistics companies in China such as UPS, FedEx and DHL-Si nonrans invite all recorded annual growths in over 30% on operations in China and there are more outsourcing contributes to the growth of overlord logistics firms. Moreover, as competition increases, it is expected that market share is shifting from topical anesthetic companies to overseas aimed enterprises (FIEs) or local devils, who can offer more competent services in raze fees.(LI FUNG, 2003)1.3 Players in the China Logistics MarketChinas logistics market is conf utilise, characterized by tens of thousands of logistics companies and some of them a re small, poorly organized with fundamental infrastructure and technology. A vast majority of the players are insufficiency of nationwide capabilities and help a narrow customer base and mainly focus on simple transportation and storage functions. Competition is fierce, particularly in the low-end market. Traditionally, Chinas logistics market is dominated by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) which provide 90% of the logistics services, but n wholeness of these has a market share over 2%.1.31 State-Owned PlayersThere are many state-owned players in China logistics market. Prior to 1980, under economic conditions in that time, Chinas logistics business could only be managed by state-owned enterprises and logistics was a monopoly industry, roughlyly for transpiration and warehousing. The characteristics of their management mode are small-scale native enterprises, slow product renovation, poor management, work ends following from various government agencies, etcetera Due to gove rnment enthronisation and monopolistic operation, these enterprises acquired large assets and became relatively large-scale business firms. Relying on their adequateness capital and brisk market share, in the past several years these enterprises rapidly became leaders in China logistics industry. However, due to the monopolistic disposition of the industry and the separated management musical arrangement, it will take time for these logistics firms to become truly comprehensive. The following is a list of todays relatively powerful state-owned spikelet logistics enterprises that operate nationwideChina Ocean Shipping (Group) guild (COSCO)China Railway Express Company Limited (CREC)China Post Logistics Company Limited (CPLC)China Railway Container Transport Company Limited (CRCTC), etc.COSCO LogisticsCOSCO Logistics is a branch of COSCO, China Ocean Shipping Company. It was formed in 2002. Because of the parent go withs meshing and infrastructure, in 2004 to 2008 it ranked n umber 1 in China in terms of comprehensive logistics capacities. COSCO Logistics has 300 logistics facilities, covering 90% of the China market and the service is strongly marine transport associate.1.32 cloistered PlayersSince the mid-1990s, Chinas private internalated logistics enterprises started to develop themselves. For example EAS International shipping Ltd (Shanghai). This company was founded in 1985 and it involves transnational business. In the past twenty years, EAS has gained notable exercise in building the unique operation platform to development innovational logistics business according to the demand of customers.There are many different private domestic logistics companies in China, such as St-Anda, PGL, China foreign logistics and so on. They are all medium-size Chinese logistics provides emerged in the last 10-20 years. These firms contract enjoyed the fastest growth in the market due to their light-asset nature and high efficiency. They are more focuse o n geographies, service and customers. But they vex problems in overleaping sufficient financial support for market expansion and internal management mechanisms and effective organization to support high growth and profitability. (Fu Qinqin, 2007)1.33 International Logistics Players(ILCs)Although the domestic companies dominate the general China logistics market, ILCs are vie a more important role, and their market shares are increasing rapidly. Among which the most important are the four giant ILCs that started with parcel and courier services. The external logistics players are DHL, TNT, UPS, FedEx and so on.Deutsche Post globe Net/DHLDeutsche Post World Net (DPWN) has a uniformed brand and image for its logistics, courier and parcel, and transport service that is DHL. DHL first entered China in 1981. In 1986, it formed a joint venture with Sinotrans in courier and parcel delivery. Mainly because of this early partnership, DHL-Sinotrans has the biggest market share in courier service. Both parties enjoy a very fruitful partnership. For this reason, in 2002 when the first partnership ended, DHL and Sinotrans re spick-and-spaned the cooperation reason for another 50 years, till the year of 2052. In May 2004, DHL initiated its domestic delivery of parcels in China, and again, DHL led the market. In the courier and parcel delivery market, the partnership between DHL and Sinotrans is the most stable. In the past twenty years, DHL has invested about $215 billion in China. Out of its jibe enthronement of $1.1 billion in Asia, that was only about 20% of DHLs investment in Asia. However, DHL plan to invest about $273 millions in China from 2004-2008, or almost 2/3 of its $400 million investment in Asia over the same period. Clearly, the investment is heating up in the China logistics market. (Xuepin Cen, 2005)Nowadays, many foreign logistics companies shoot nameed good cooperation relations with Chinese logistics firms by using joint ventures. The advantage foreign companies comport competitive advantage in technology and management, but only when they are combined with experiences and existing service network of Chinese enterprises that they could be brought into full play. Therefore, some Chinese logistics companies usually impertinence Merge and acquisition (MA) risk. A number of foreign companies that have neer touched on the Chinese market patiently search for Chinese companies for cooperation projects. more inland Chinese cities promise many commercial opportunities in the logistics sector, and it needs time for foreign companies to fully penetrate into the Chinese market. However, for foreign logistics companies they are being challenged by infrastructure and customer base and of lack of on-the-ground capabilities in China.1.34 Third Party Logistics companies (TPLs)Chinas market for TPL is still in its early stage. Also, TPL is a relative new concept for most of the Chinese companies. A TPL company normally provides process -base services rather than a function-base logistics service, which generally toward to the desegregation and full control of a part or whole process of customers logistics network. The rationale for outsourcing logistics is to achieve cost saving through economics of scale. sensitive or middle sized companies may not always have economics of scale to economically manage logistics operation, but this is precisely one of the advantages for triad-party logistics companies. The year of 2006 is the first year of Chinas 11th Five-Year Plan (20062010), and is also the first year when logistics is opened up completely. From the year of 2006 to 2010, the basic frame and main functions of Chinas southern international logistics centre will come into being. The proportion of logistics cost in GDP will decrease more than 3%. The third party logistics will share up to 23% in the logistics market.(Fu Qinqin, 2007)1.4 major(ip) modes of TransportThe first few years of the 21st century have bee n characterized by the rapid construction of transport infrastructure in China. During the five-year plan from 2001 to2005, transport infrastructure has been built significantly including 250,000 kilometres of highways and 24,700 kilometres of expressways. By the end of 2006, the total length Chinese highway has reached 3,457,000 kilometres and 77,000 kilometres of railways (Waters, 2007). The actual five-year plan (2006-2010) has an ambitious agendum and will spend hundreds of billions of dollars over the next five years to develop Chinas roads, river ports, and railroads. (Richard Brubaker,2005 )1.41 PortsAccording to Richard Brubaker, (2005) since the central government opened Chinese ports to overseas investment in March of 2002, Chinese Port facilities have received colossal amounts of investment and have taken huge steps towards significantly increasing capacity. In 2003, the total investment in Chinese port development and construction was US$2.2 billion, and in 2004, the Ministry of Communication has reported this figure was to reach nearly US$4.3 billion in 2004. Currently, Chinas coastal cities like Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Ningbo, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, are all competing to complete new berths and establish themselves as dominant regional logistics centres. (Exhibit 2) In Shanghai for example, container throughput of 11.28 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) for 2003 is expected to increase to 14.5million TEUs in 2004, with massive expansion already underway. In addition to expansion that will add more than 2m TEUs of capacity in 2005, Shanghais massive Yangshan deepwater terminal is also under construction and will eventually handle 25m TEUs at a cost of 1.5bn. Although such massive investment and expansion, the improvements brought by increasing use of foreign terminal operators, Chinese ports still need to keep up with increasing demand.1.42 RoadBenefit from government heavy investment and the undependability of other opti ons for instance rail and inland water, road transport becomes most popular choice for the inland distribution of goods in China. Beijing has already emphasised on a plan to double Chinas expressway mileage. (Richard Brubaker,2005) By 2005, as Chinas new inter-provincial highway system nears completion, almost 200,000 km of new roads will bring the national total to roughly 1.5 million km. Among the most significant of these developments, Shanghai-Chengdu Highway and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway are the most sensational plan. Because most of Chinas highways are financed using a fixed return bell shape based system, tolls account for roughly 20% of costs faced by long distance trucking operators and create huge incentives to overload trucks. more or less 75% of Chinas more than 100,000 traffic fatalities per year have been attributed to overloaded trucks. These deaths have led to new road safety laws, which if observed, could have significant implications for the efficiency and the co sts of trucking operations where trucks are overloaded on average by 30% and often by 50%. However, at rescue the trucking industry in China remains extremely fragmented and is not organized on a national basis. The largest of the nearly 3 million trucking service providers in China is Sinotrans, with a registered lapse of 3,000 trucks specializing in long-distance service. Short-distance trucking services in China are generally provided by local operators who offer relatively cost effective and competitive services. In spite of national policies, this separation between local and long distance trucking operators is in part due to efforts by local and city authorities to protect local businesses. By the end of 2004, Chinas WTO commitments require that Chinas trucking sector be fully opened to foreign firms. Experts said that current market fragmentation and the benefits of newly expanded infrastructure make the trucking sector particularly attractive for consolidation and foreign investment.1.43 RailAccording to Richard Brubaker, (2005) Chinas Railway infrastructure has received relatively low levels of investment studyd with Chinas road and port infrastructure. The Ministry of Railways has relatively modest plans to increase Chinas existing rail network from 72,000 km to 100,000 km in 2020. Use of the Chinese rail system increase 6% year on year between January of 2003 and January of 2004, though it would appear that this relatively modest increase can be less attributed to weak demand than the limitations posed by grievous under capacity. Railway bottlenecks and the inability of the railway system to transport the indispensable amounts of coal were in large part responsible for the power shortages of the summer of 2004. This has since led to the prioritization of coal shipments leaving other commodities and packes sitting on docks. Many importers, most notably Chinas steel mills have been struggling to sustain enough railcars to carry cargo and now o ften resort to barges and trucks at much greater cost. Poor handling practices, delays, unpredictable delivery times, passel shipment requirements, theft, minimal shipment tracking, the lack of inter-modal facilities, and a general lack of infrastructure all plague the Chinese railways. However, despite these issues exist, the heavy concession still makes Chinas railway become the cheapest form of overland transport compare with shippers.1.44 Inland WaterwaysInfrastructure on inland waterways, most significantly the Yangtze River, increased 8% between January 2003 and January 2004. (Richard Brubaker,2005) Rivers such as the Yangtze can handle ships of up to 6000 tonnes and are generally uncongested however, canals and low link up can be rugged and projects such as the recently completed 3 Gorges Dam can serve to prolong dry seasons and keep water levels low.1.45 Air shipmentAlthough Chinas airfreight sector is constrained by inadequate infrastructure, its development has been r apid. China is the second-largest domestic airfreight market in the world after the United States. According to Boeings World Air Cargo Forecast, the market has grown at more than 20 percent annually since 1991. (Richard Brubaker,2005)Airports are seeing rapid expansion in three principal economic areas the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the capital city of Beijing. intricacy in the PRD is very important that it threatens to cut into the volumes handled by Hong Kong, the worlds largest air cargo airport. But a large proportion of the goods exported from South China are routed through Hong Kong. Its position has been strengthened, moreover, by an agreement that allows Chinese airlines to expand their international services via Hong Kong and gives Hong Kong airlines greater access to the mainland.1.46 WarehousingMost of Chinas warehousing facilities are older or old-style facilities with a range of associated issues. Many facilities do not have computeriz ed stock supervision systems in place. Single and multi-story warehouse designs limit efficiency by preventing the use of multiple racking levels and by advance(a) forklift trucks. Cross contamination is an issue as are unsealed fill platforms at refrigerated facilities, which expose food products to ambient air temperatures during freight and unloading. The shortage and shortcomings of existing facilities as well as the opening up of the Chinese warehousing under its WTO commitments by the end of 2005, have led to considerable investment and anticipation in this sector. (Richard Brubaker,2005 ) For example, in Shanghai, several foreign logistics services providers hoping to invest in the future and capitalize on discriminatory policies and proximity to port facilities (including APL Logistics, DHL and OOCL Logistics) have or are planning to establish massive logistics centres in Shanghais Waigaoqiao Logistics Park / Free Trade Zone. The park has been launch as an international transit, delivery, sourcing and transhipment hub to promote and coordinate the development of Shanghais sea and air transport, warehousing and logistics industries.1.5 Statements of the Problem1.51 High CostSince the late of 1990s, China has been aiming at fostering logistics industry and improving logistics management skills, for the huge manufacturing industries in China has driven logistics industry growing rapidly in recent years. With its close at hand(predicate) entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), China is embracing a big opportunity to develop its logistics industry, officials and experts noted. Zhang zhigang, deputy director of the State frugal and Trade Commission (SETC), said that it is urgent that China reforms its old circulation system and speeds up the development of its logistics industry as China faces new challenges in the globalization process. But the high logistics cost nibble the competence of firms. According to the data released by Development l ook for Center of the State Council of PR China, Chinas logistics expenditures amounted to 20% of the GDP in 2000 whereas logistics spending accounted for 10.3% of United Statess GDP, 14% of Japans GDP, and 10 to 13% of European Unions GGP (Waters, 2007). The annual growth rate of total logistics expenditures is 10.29, 12.99, 16.76 and 12.86 percent from 2002 to 2005 (National Development and Reform Commission, 2004). Statistics published by China Federation of Logistics and buy show that Chinas total logistics expenses reached RMB3.8414 trillion in 2006, up 13.5% year on year at current price, a growth 0.6 parting points higher than in 2005. The rate of total logistics expense of GDP was 18.3%, 0.2 percentage points lower than in 2005. This is the mainly problem that slow down the development of China logistics industry.The total logistics cost encompasses transportation, inventory storage and management. In 2007, the total logistics cost increased by 18.2% to 4540.6 billion kwai . The total logistics cost in China generally includes three cost components, namely, transportation, inventory storage and management cost. According to Exhibit 3, it is clear that the total logistics cost increased rapidly during 1991-98, since then the growth started levelling off. In 2004, the total cost amounted to 2911.4 billion yuan (US$ 352 billion), grew by 16.6%. Of this total, transportation cost made up the largest portion and witnessed the highest growth rate. Transportation cost was 1655.8 billion yuan (US$ 200 billion), accounting for 56.9% of the total logistics cost. On the other hand, inventory storage and management cost were 846.7 and 408.9 billion yuan (US$ 102 billion and US$ 49 billion), accounting for 29.1% and 14% of the total logistics cost respectively (US$ 15.7 billion).Adding the costs of packing, transport, storage and damage, the ratio of total logistics costs to total industry production ranges from 40% to 60%, whereas in the United States this percen tage is close to 20% (Smyrlis, 2006). If logistics costs are broken down, transport accounts for 57% of costs, inventory and storage accounts for 29%, and management accounts for 14% (Exhibit 4). Percentage wise, transport costs in China are twice as overpriced as in developed countries (Wakers, 2007).1.52 Low in productivityThe ratio of total logistics cost to GDP represents the efficiency of logistics operation in the economy which center the productivity of logistics industry. It is also used as an indicator of the development level of the logistics industry. In general, the higher the percentage, the less efficient is the logistics industry. Exhibit 5 shows the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP in the 10th Five-year Plan period (2000-2005). Despite the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP has been on a downward edit that decreased from 19.4% in 2000 to 18.57% in 2005 and the total cost savings in the 10th Five-year Plan period totalled 109 billion yuan accord ing to portray 3, the logistics cost was still higher than that in US, Japan and developed countries which means lower inefficiency of China logistics industry. As predicted by the CFLP, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP will continue higher that resulting inefficiency of modern logistics services. CFLP predicted that total logistics costs during the 11th Five-year Program period (2006-2010) will grow at 10% annually, 2% lower than that of the 10th Five-year Plan period. It also forecasted that the total logistics cost will reach 5,400 billion yuan in 2010, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP at around 16.8% and cost savings expect during the period will be around 435 billion yuan.1.53 Slowly expansion/outsourcingOne of the most significant drivers of growth in the global logistics industry is the trend of mergers and acquisitions. Such buyouts and mergers enable logistics players to build up their infrastructure and service scale, both of which are critical to remaini ng competitive. By merging their operations and collaborating on technology, complementary services partners can also scale up their logistics capability without having to invest heavily in infrastructure. The result is lower cycle-time, satiny business processes and lower manpower costs, which in turn boosts companies productivity and profitability. Although the giant logistics companies in China have overseas offices established from the 1980s and 1990s as their overseas branches to support their international transportation, their businesses are heavily dependent on agents. For example, Sinotrans has business in 200 countries, but there are only 40 overseas offices. The most international business is make via the agents. As Contrill claimed, dont expect a wave of Chinese 3PLs to land on Western shores soon. The pace of change in China is slow by Western standards and there is much to do in the home market.1.6 Research objectiveThe objective of this explore is twofold. On one h and, the objective is To take the development of China logistics industry in last decades. On the other hand is to investigate the factors affect the development of China logistics industry and watch over the solutions to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China. On meeting the two objectives this paper will develop a framework to address the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry.1.7 Research questionsThere questions will be discussed in this article1 To introduce the development of logistics industry in China in last decade.2 What are the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry?3 How to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China?1.8 Significance of studyThis seek would contribute by indicating and analyzing some of the problems that affect development of China logistics industry and this study was designed to answer some questions from perspectives of both the resear cher and some practitioners. The theoretical framework was based on an extensive review of the publications on the various theoretical models of factors affect development China logistics industry.1.9 Limitations of the researchBecause of time restriction (from September to November, 2009), this thesis will be destroyed within 3 months, I will cover the detail of logistics management (Transportation, Warehousing and IT supporting) as specific as possible.Because of the location of sampling in Shanghai, China, the searcher has to come to China but only around 1month, so time limited to the questionnaire distributing and receiving which cause low response rate.There are many problems that influence the development of logistics industry in China in this paper, we only focus the above 5 main problems.Because of some companies are not public listed companies, it is difficult to find the financial data from the current annual reports released by these companies, so we may analyze these companies using the preceding data (Eg Annual Report in 2007)Some of questions are without delay related to the internal strategy of company management, so managers are noncompliant to answer.1.10 Chapter OutlineChapter one Introduction This provides the reader with background information of the study, which creates a pictorial flow of the main research. Research objectives, background of study, problems and significance as well as the limitations faced by the researcher are distinctly stated in this chapter.Chapter two Literature review This chapter explores relevant literature it basically dealt with pertinent literature on problems of current China logistics industry with discussions on related research variables such as government insurance policy and regulations, transportation cost, warehousing and storage, training/education/IT supporting and infrastructure.Chapter three methodology and Data collection This chapter describes the research design used to conduct this r esearch. This chapter will further disclose the ways used in analyzing data collected, limitations of the methods used and how the data was collected. This class concludes with discussions of the data gathering techniques and the data analysis procedures that were used to answer the hypotheses and research questions.Chapter four Results and discussions This chapter outlines results of data analysis, provides discussion of research findings and builds bridges between objectives, findings and relevant literature. The result section summarizes the analysis of the data and present findings of the study with respect to the hypothesis and research questions. While the discussion section reviews the findings of the study in the context of the conceptual framework of the study.Chapter five Conclusions and recommendations are provided in this chapter together with discussions on the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge. This chapter concludes the research and documents the i mplications of the study with recommendations for future research.Chapter 2Literature Review2.1 Definition of logisticsLogistic is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from their point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conform to custom