The effect of drugs on heart rate: Research experiment

The consummation of medicines on shopping m only esteem Research essayThe water flea cyclops genus Pulex ( assure figure 1) is a sm completely (1.1-3.5mm pine ) crustacean comm l adept(prenominal) set in pocket billiardss in the United Kingdom. The broad taxonomy of cyclops pulux is as followsKingdom BranchiopodaPhylum DiplostracaClass CladoceraOrder AnomopodaFamily DaphniidaeGenus cyclopsSubgenus pulexFigure 1. cyclops pulex, video display the clear exoskeleton and inside the bole (Cladoceran website 2005)Whilst organismness crustaceans and having an exoskeleton water flea argon easy to study as their exoskeleton is in reality clear so it is possible to see with it and study the working of the inside of their consistence. In picky it is possible to see the flow of the circulatory dodge and the amount of m unitaryy beating. and so they ar coif theatrical role offul to test the designate up of specific drugs on internalitybeat, as it is easy to see the changes via an obvious change in gistbeat. water flea have been apply in the attest require into as they argon readily avail equal and it is simple to study the proceeds of drugs on their systems. They are as rise up robust to a variety of chemical substances being picture in their environment so tin flush toilet be utilise to assess the effect of these chemicals without fear that the chemicals go away kill them instantly.aspirin (acetylsalicylic cutting), intoxi gagetic drink ( fermentation alcoholic beverageic drink), and caffeine are drugs that all commonly habit by people. from severally one(prenominal) 3 drugs have an effect on the human stub, roughlyly through indirect effects on the circulation and factors that expunge circulation eg platelet c draw pokerting. Alcohol ca accustoms a lowering of amount of money beat repayable to expanding the veins through vasodilatation. Aspirin overly lowers the sum pasture via its effects on platele ts and the way that they ca use of goods and services veins to constrict. caffeine, however, acts to amplify centre of attention beat.It is unfortunately non practical to test the effect of either of the drugs on the punkbeat of people as the drugs have a lot of an some other(prenominal) effects in spite of appearance the body as well up. Instead Daphnia are used as they have a small body so the drug effects are less widespread and the effect on the heart is easy to assess. The effects are also unornamented genuinely quickly so it is possible to carry out a large minute of investigations in a relation backly short blank space of clock time.HypothesisThe proveal hypotheses for distributively of the three drugs are as followsAspirin leave cause the heart drift of Daphnia to lower in a engrossment open manner. Alcohol forget cause the heart assess of Daphnia to lower in a compactness dep rarityent manner. Caffeine will cause heart wander of Daphnia to increme nt in a slow-wittedness dependent manner.The null hypothesis in all tangs is that each of the drugs will have no effect on the concentration sum up of Daphnia.VariablesIn order to see whether it is actually the drugs that are ca use the change in the heart footstep of Daphnia the only variable that can change is the concentration of the drug. As well as this each drug will have to be tested separately to realize sure that it is only the effect of that drug which is ca utilize the change, if any. A twenty-five percent set of results also needs to be taken, which is the heart rate of water flea without any of the drugs added at all.For this experiment the independent variable will be the drug concentration. An independent variable is one that is chosen and set specifically by the experimentor.For this experiment the dependent variable the one that changes as a result of the independent variable changing will be the heart rate of the Daphnia.Constant variables will beThe m oment of Daphnia (approx degree Celsius)The volume of water (100ml)The temperature ( afore called(prenominal)(p) room temperature of approx 21 C in all cases)The species of Daphnia (Daphnia pulux)The amount of water transferred to microscope slide for each test (1ml)The same(p) length of time the Daphnia would be left in the chemical (1 hour)MethodDaphnia will be collected from a pond, using a fine mesh sive and kept in a contained with pond water until they can be viewed and the correct moment can be transferred to a petri dish containing 100ml of distilled water for each experiment. Distilled water will be used so that in that location are no other chemicals present which might have an effect on heart rate. Approximately 100 Daphnia will be used for each experiment, although it would non be possible to count exactly that number so an approximate number will be used in each case. Aspirin will amaze in a readily available over the forebode water-soluble frame (Boots 300mg s oluble aspirin)Caffeine will also come in a readily available over the counter ricochet of ProPlus (50 mg Caffeine)Alcohol will come from vodka (Smirnoff Blue label 45% vol).The drug will be added to the distilled water in the petri dish in advance adding the water flea and stirred with a clean glass rod to make sure that it is fully dissolved and spread end-to-end the liquid. Then the daphnia will be transferred to the petri dish using a pipette.Drugs will be in the quantities shown in circuit cards 1-3 dining table 1. A table showing the number of caffeine tablets used in each experiment and the resulting caffeine concentrationTable 2. A table showing the number of aspirin tablets used in each experiment and the resulting aspirin concentrationTable 3. A table showing the amount of vodka used in each experiment and the resulting alcohol concentrationThere would actually be only 1 control experiment, to check for residuals caused by the drug, so the top row of each table actua lly corresponds to the same experiment, where thither is just water in the petri dish and no added chemicals.As the daphnia are small organisms with a relatively permeable exoskeleton they would be able to absorb the caffeine present in the water and it could have its effect upon the body.In each case the Daphnia would be left in the water and drug for a time of 1 hour to ensure that the drug has had any effect. As the Daphnia are only going to be used for a short period of time they would receive no solid food as it would non be necessary.Whilst whole Daphnia are visible to the raw eye, a microscope is necessary to see the actually heart beats. Therefore a clean pipette will be used to transfer a droplet of the treated water and daphnia onto a microscope slide. This would thusly(prenominal) be cover using a cover slip to prevent the liquid from moving. This will then be run intoed at under the microscope and the number of times the Daphnias heart beats per minute recorded. Eac h time that the heart beat is counted it will be take uped 3 times to grow an average. Different microscope slides would be used in each case to stay off cross contamination by various drugs or drug concentrations.Equipment listingFine mesh sievePlastic container to store daphnia inDistilled water (13 x 100 ml)13 clean plastic pipettes13 clean petri dishes13 microscope slides and cover slipsLight microscopeCaffeine tablets (ProPlus)Aspirin tablets (Boots soluble aspirin)Alcohol (Smirnoff blue label vodka)Measuring cylinderRisk assessmentThere are a number of specific areas which involve essay within this experiment. These are the initial collection of daphnia, the manipulation of daphnia and the handling of chemicals. Specific risk assessment are as followsIf alcohol / drug is ingested then rinse out mouth immediately and want medical advice.If alcohol / drug solution is spilt on clothes rinse bear upon area and remove clothes if necessary.If alcohol / drug solution gets i nto look then rinse out immediately and seek medical advice.An liberal (over 18) must purchase the vodka and be present during its use.Care should be taken when inviteing the daphnia from a pond and an adult should ideally do the collecting.If pond water is ingested then rinse out mouth immediately and seek medical advice.ResultsIt was found that, as Daphnia heart beat was truly fast it was easier and more reliable to count in 15 sulfur sections and then convert this to beats per minute. So this was done in all cases.The heart rate of daphnia under control conditions was found to be an average of 350 beats / minute. The results for each of the 3 drugs are considered separately below.CaffeineThe results from the experiment to check the effect of caffeine upon the heart rate of Daphnia are shown in figure 2 below.Figure 2. The effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia Pulex (average of 3 counts) It can be seen that there is a positive correlation between caffeine concentra tion and Daphnia heart rate. The theatrical role increase in heart rate, when compared to control, is shown in table 4 below.Table 4. A table showing the effect of increasing caffeine concentration on daphnia heart rateAspirinUnfortunately the concentrations of aspirin used actually killed the daphnia whilst they were in the solution for the required hour. Therefore it was necessary to alter the concentrations and repeat the experiment. As the daphnia died at all concentrations of aspirin even 30 mg / litre must have been too concentrated for them. Therefore the concentration was reduced to 10% of original values, and the experiment repeated. The raw concentrations were obtained by diluting the dissolved tablets in more distilled water, eg 10 times the amount to obtain concentrations of 1/10. unfortunately, delinquent to time constraints, the counts could non be repeated 3 times so the figure are for a single count at each concentration.The results from these new concentrations are shown in figure 3 below.Figure 3. The effect of aspirin on the heart rate of DaphniaIt can be seen from figure 3 that there is no particular pattern to the results, other than the fact that aspirin is linked to a reducing in heart rate. However this reduction does not appear to be concentration dependent, or at least not at the concentrations used in this experiment.AlcoholThe effect of increasing alcohol concentration is shown in figure 4. Figure 4. The effect of alcohol on the heart rate of Daphnia (average of 3 counts)It can be seen that alcohol had quite a large effect on the heart rate of daphnia and there was an inverse correlation between alcohol concentration and heart rate. The per centumage decrease in heart rate, when compared to control, is shown in table 5 below.Table 5. A table showing the effect of increasing alcohol concentration on daphnia heart ratestatistical analysis of resultsIt was not possible to undertake accurate statistical analysis of the aspirin resu lts as only 1 count was taken at each concentration level on the repeated experiment. However it was possible to undertake a t test analysis on the alcohol and caffeine results, using the original data as opposed to the mean results shown in the graphs. Statistical analysis was carried out using the software available from Graphpad quickcalcs. These statistically analysed results are shown in table 6 and 7 below.Table 6. A table to show the relative statistical significance of varying concentrations of caffeine upon the heart rate of daphniaTable 7. A table to show the relative statistical significance of varying concentrations of alcohol upon the heart rate of daphniaDiscussionThe results from this experiment indicate that both caffeine and alcohol sham heart rate of daphnia. Aspirin whitethorn affect heart rate only the results obtained here do not provide abundant raise to support this view fully. wherefore does caffeine affect heart rate?The results from this experiment show that caffeine causes heart rate to increase by around 0.05% per mg of caffeine. Whilst it cannot be know exactly why this happens there are various possible groundss.Caffeine if a methylxanthine which acts by inhibiting the enzyme (phosphodiesterase) that metabolises clique. The resulting enhance in cAMP levels has the same effect as increasing levels of adenylate cyclase, which is one of the principal effects of adrenaline. Adrenaline is cognize to increase heart rate via its effects on the 1 adrenoceptors so it is likely that caffeine has a similar effect. Whilst these effects are cognise some in humans, and daphnia are not the same organisms, it is likely that the effects are negotiate for similar reasons eg the involvement of enzymes and inhibition / stimulation of these.It is possible that the effects of caffeine were not as pronounced as might have occurred due to a reflex reaction. In humans an increase in heart rate is often rapidly followed by a reflex(a) compensa tory mechanics to slow the heart rate again. This compensation can involve the veins dilating and a stimulation of enzymes such as phosphodiesterase in order to reduce cAMP levels. In the case of the daphnia it might have been the case that a more significant rise in heart rate occurred as soon as the caffeine was absorbed by the daphnia but then there was a compensatory mechanism to reverse this effect. However as the solution of caffeine was present around the daphnia for the whole period of the experiment then this is unlikely as each time new caffeine was absorbed it would cause heart rate to increase, and the daphnias system would not be able to constantly undergo the reflexive compensations.How does aspirin affect heart rateAspirin has its principal effects on an enzyme called cyclo-oxygenase. Aspirin acts by binding to the active site of the enzyme, then preventing it from binding to the eiocosanoid and having its required effect. The inhibition is irreversible as aspirin b inds for good to the active site of the enzyme. Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) is the main enzyme involved in the conversion of eiocosanoids found in membrane fatty acids, into the rabble-rousing mediators prostaglandins and leuoktrienes. COX acts to convert arachadonic acid into the prostaglandin precursor prostaglandin G2 and also to convert this precursor into prostaglandin H2. It is from PGH2 that the main inflammatory mediators are generated. Therefore the prevention of COX prevents even the first part of the inflammatory cycle from taking place. Whilst it is not immediately obvious how the prevention of inflammatory mediators should reduce heart rate, it becomes obvious when the effect of the inflammation on heart rate is known. Whilst each individual prostanoid has s vaguely divergent effects, the overall one if to cause vasoconstriction and also an increase in myocardial contractility. This latter curiously results in heart rate being increased as the heart muscle in contracting more frequently. This means that decreases heart rate by preventing this increased heart muscle contraction, as well as preventing the vasculature from constricting so more than.Again, it is the effects of aspirin in humans that is known nearly, but it could be expected that the effect is similar in daphnia.Why might alcohol affect heart rateIt is not known exactly how ethanol acts to decrease heart rate, but it is believed to be a knock on effect from the changes in peripheral vasculature. Ethanol is known to cause vadodilatation eg dilation of melody vessels. If blood vessels are dilated then there is more space thus a greater volume for blood so the heart has to beat fewer times to deliver the same amount of blood.It is also possible that ethanol has its effects on heart rate via a key nervous system effect. Ethanol ab initio increase catecholamine release, including dopamine. This acts to stimulate heart rate. However future(a) this initial effect ethanol actually reduc es the concentration of catecholamines, principally noradrenaline, by increasing the rate at which it is removed from cells. As the daphnia had been left in the ethanol containing water for an hour it would be expected that they had reached this second stage by the time heart rate was being measured. However it is possible that the remainder between the initial and subsequent effects of alcohol could be the reason why the results did not follow a particular pattern.Sources of errorWhilst statistical significance appears to be present in a number of results it is very difficult to be certain with such a small tribe number. In order to be more certain of results, a much larger sample size should be used in each case. When a result has been shown to be significant and is actually due to possibility this is known as a type I statistical error.Temperature is some other variable that affects the heart rate of daphnia, evident by the fact that daphnia can be preserved alive at low tem peratures due to a slowing of heart rate. Therefore it is possible that the heat from the light microscope lamp caused an increase in the heart rate. However, as the light was present on each counting session this variable, whilst possibly affecting heart rate, would affect all counts by a similar amount. Therefore all counts would be raised from what they should be. This would serve to make the results from caffeine more significant and alcohol less significant. Given that the results from alcohol showed an inverse correlation then this inception of error could have only made the results less significant. However in the case of the caffeine it is possible that they were responsible for the change in heart rate observed, rather than the caffeine, as the changes were rather small anyway. If the experiment were to be repeated this could be controlled by careful monitoring of temperature and ensuring that this remained constant throughout the experiment, a variable that was no measure d in this experiment.The fact that alcohol had to be used from an initially diluted form, and in a non subtle ethanol formulation may have caused the results to be alter. Whilst calculations were made to line up the overall concentration of ethanol into which the daphnia were placed, it is not certain whether this was correct. The alcohol could have contained other chemicals in addition to ethanol which could have affected the daphnia and their heart rate.The formulation of caffeine used was in the form of proplus tablets. These are also not caffeine in a unpolluted format and would contain other padding chemicals such as chou and talcum powder to make up the tablet. Sugar may well affect the heart rate of daphnia as it is a food stuff for them, and their heart rate may change whilst feeding, or following a substantial amount of food.Whilst daphnia reproduce asexually they are present in male and female forms. It was not possible to reckon which gender was being counted on eac h occasion. It is the females which actually give blood line to young. However big(predicate) females have a lower heartbeat than non pregnant females and males. Therefore if some of the daphnia that were being counted were actually pregnant females then this could have artificially lowered the heart rate result. Without studying each daphnia and ensuring that all were of the same gender and pregnant / not it is not possible to tell whether this factor adversity affected the results. Whilst the daphnia were held in place loosely on the microscope slide they were not fixed in place. Therefore it was not always possible to check that it was the same daphnia that was being used for the repetitions of counts for each of the drug treatments. It is therefore possible that the disagreement within each of the 3 counts was due to polar daphnia being used, rather than a different heart rate at different times. It was not possible to ascertain how old each daphnia was which may have had an effect on heart rate as juveniles ordinarily have a higher heart rate than older organisms.It was faux that all daphnia obtained from the pond were actually of the common daphnia pulex species. However it is possible that there were a mix of different species within the sample collected. If an organism from a different species was used for each of the counts then this could also give rise to altered results.EvaluationTheHow Did Whatsapp Become pop?How Did Whatsapp Become Popular?How did WhatsApp overpower other jabberting apps? A research on what reasons made WhatsApp the number 1 chatting app in the past 5 years. slipIn this research, 15 random chat apps drug users who are from different ages, genders, countries, and educational status filled a survey about their usage and recognize of chatting apps. The analysis of the survey showed that 85.7 percent of chatting apps users are addicted to them as they use them for more than three hours per day. most of them prefer Whatsapp for different reasons. 57.1 percent of the users say that privacy is number one priority for them. They look for a chatting app by which they can remain anonymous and their private information are safe. some other fifty percent of the users tell that they prefer WhatsApp because it is easy to use. A friendy user interface make chatting simpler and easier. A chatting app is made to make peoples deportment easier so it must be, it self, simple. Only 42.9 percent of users care about the security of the chatting app they use. They look for a chatting app that had no vulnerabilities that strumpeters can exploit to hack into their phones. Worth to mention that there is no 100 percent secure app or system so no matter how the system platform is protected and well built, still there is a way or another to hack into it. The last reason for choosing Whatsapp is that it is popular and most people use it. 35.8 percent of users said that no matter how good it is, a electronic messaging ap p is zip fastener without plenty of users. They want a chatting app in which they can find their friends and egest with them.IntroductionWeare in a time in which chatting apps and mixer media became of the needs of ourdaily life. Whether they agree or not, people depend on chatting apps so muchon their life to the design that they can not live without. They use them inall aspects of life eg. get in touch with their friends and relatives, todiscuss matters of business, and to explain a lesson to a classmate. Beside theinstant messaging, the stem chats that people wee-wee with friends andcolleagues help them to share their ideas, information, point of views, andfeelings with each other. The form ofinstant messaging apps lead to the establishment of many chatting apps until itturned into a business in which many counterparts challenge each other to work an application that can attract the majority of users by stretch forthing themthe attributes that they look for. One of these chatting applications isWhatsApp. It was established in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum with the sloganSimple. Personal. Real time messaging. The new app came with plenty offeatures like as the ability to make pigeonholing chats, set broadcast contacts and sendunlimited images, video and audio messages. Beside being full of features, easyto use, and a pioneer in its category, it helped people to drop a line money by usingit instead of the regular SMS messages (Short Message Service) so users do nothave to pay extra fees for sending messages. Moreover, it helped makecommunication over barriers much easier and cheaper than it ever been. All ofthese features, and others, made WhatsApp the number one chatting app for the past5 years.Inthis study, I will investigate how did WhatsApp become the number one chattingapp in the world during the past 5 years, what people like on WhatsApp, andwhat circumstances lead to the failure of other chatting apps. I used a surveywhich is filled by 15 random people in different ages, genders, countries, and educationalstatus to see what do they like on chatting apps, WhatsApp specifically, what do they do not like, and what do theyexpect is the future of chatting applications. The survey is analyzed and itsresults and foundings are shown at the end of this research paper.Literature reviewMany studies are done about chatting apps, social media, Whatsapp. A study entitled Smartphone application usage amongst students at a due south African University,done in the year 2012 by Walter U, Aadilah M, et.al assessed on the usage of smartphones and social media in between users in a South African University. The study showed that students remain online for 16 hours a day and happen about 5 hours per day on their smart phones interacting and communicating with other their friends, colleagues and relatives through social networking applications. This Application (WhatsApp) is highly addictive and can create a great impact on regular user s, and apart from that it can leave a trace that becomes difficult to control and cure. Some of the most prominent technological innovations are smart phones, laptops and using the internet. They have greatly affected many aspects of our lives. Today the Internet continues to grow day by day at an incredible speed. About 32.7% of the worlds population has access to the internet. Howe, Yeboah J, Ewur G. (2014) The two researchers also said that the main purpose tin this application is to replace SMS with a crossplatform mobile messenger that works on an internet data plan. If you have unlimited text, it is still beneficial as it is a convenient way to avoid international fees that carriers may charge.Mayer,Davis, and Schoorman, (1995) gear up trust in chatting and social media as thewillingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party basedon the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important tothe trustor, disregardless of the ability to monitor or control that otherparty (p. 712) effrontery is also important for successful online interactions(Coppola, Hiltz, and stinker, 2004, Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 1998, Meyerson, 1996,Piccoli and Ives, 2003).Trustis also a central component of social exchange theory (Roloff, 1981).Millionsof people have joined social networking sites, adding profiles that reveal individualized information. The reputations of social networking sites has beendiminished by a number of incidents publicized by the news media (Chiaramonteand Martinez, 2006, Hass, 2006, Mintz, 2005, Read, 2006), This raise thequestion whether ot not it is possible to join a network of millions of peopleand be able to trust all of them. Of course this does not look plgican. WWecan not trust strangers. Howver people still join networks and reveal theirvery personal information. what role does trust play in the use of socialnetworking sites? effect studyThisstudy is based on a survey in which the responders answer some questions aboutwhat attracts him or her to a chatting app, what features does he or she want,and what aspects does he keep in mined when he choose a chatting appeg.security, privacy, ease to use and popularity of the application. Thissurvey is published in a peep page. 15 random people were engaged in it. Theyare from different ages, genders, countries, and educational status. Thevariety of the responders should help getting more accurate results andfoundings for the study. A copy of the survey is attached.Research and survey resultsThe published survey got 15 responses fromwhich I derived these analysis and answer the question of the paper, how didwhatsapp overpower other chatting apps and be number one chatting applicationduring the recent five years?Theresponses showed that 85.7% of users use different chatting apps morethan three hours per day which is considered as addiction. Only 14.3 useinstant messaging apps for only 1-3 hours per day. This is a regular usage. Andnobody fr om the responders use chatting apps less than an hour a day. Theseresults indicate that people are plain in addiction with chatting apps nomatter what do they use them for. Whenthe responders were take awayed about the chatting apps they use, the all putWhatsApp at the top of the list, twitter comes second and total darkness Berry third.The reasons they all chose WhatsApp is clarified in the following figure57.1% of the responders said that privacy is number one priority. They want tobe anonymous and their personal information must be hidden to the eyes ofstrangers. They ask for privacy options they can enable or disable by theirchoice. Since WhatsApp offer these options, it is their choice. However, childrenand even parents are rarely aware of the potential risks of information apocalypse through mobile devices. Personal information, such as real-timelocations, photos, and calendar, can be easily leaked via using mobileapplications from mobile devices. (Chen Y et.al) They also cl aim that userspersonal information has been aggressively collected by different parities frommobile devices.50 percentof the responders said that they prefer WhatsApp because it is easy to use. Afriendy user interface make chatting simpler and easier. A chatting app is madeto make peoples life easier so it must be, it self, simple.Securitycomes in rank 3 of the most important feature in a chatting application. 42.9%of people voted that whatsapp is secure enough to protect them againsthackers attacks. Worth to mention that whatsapp was not encrypted, and thoughsecure, until April 2016 (Whatsapp.com).35.8% said that the popularity of chatting app is the fourth most importantfeature. No matter how good it is, a messaging app is nothing without plenty ofusers. Keep in mind that because of the different protocols of chatting apps itis not possible to send a message from a certain app to another. A message mustbe sent and received by the same app. So 35.8 percent of people ConclusionChatt ingapps and social media became parts of moderne daily life. Nearly 85.7 percent ofpeople are addicted to use their phones and chat more than 4 hours a day.People tend to look for a chatting app that respect their privacy and give themthe choice to choose to what extent they are exposed to others. Security isalso another important feature people look for. Ease to use and the popularityof chatting apps can make difference on peoples choices. A simple and popularchatting app is always listed as a good choice to use since it will allow theuser to chat easily with a huge number of people.ReferencesYeboah J, Ewur G. The Impactof whatsApp Messenger usance on Students Performance in Tertiary Institutionsin Ghana. In journal of Education and Practice. Vol.5 2014.Hindocha, N. pulsationInsecurity Security Issues of Instant Messaging. http//www.luisdelgado.es/seguridad/crypt4you/curso_comunicaciones_digitales/documentacion/im_security_issues.pdf. Accessed on 10112016Chen, Y. Zhu, S. Zhou, Y .Xu, H. Protecting Childrens Personal Information Using contextual IntegrityTheory to Examine Information Boundary on prompt Devices. http//cs-sys-1.uis.georgetown.edu/sz303/PIR2015/pir_submission/pir2015_submission_6.pdf.Accessed on 20161110.Dwyer, C. Hiltaz, S.Passerini, K. Trust and Privacy Concern within affable Networking Sites AComparison of Facebook and MySpace.http//aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1849context=amcis2007Accessed on 10112016Schrittwieser, S.Fruhwirt, P. et. al. recall Whos Texting You? Evaluating the Security ofSmartphone Messaging Applications.http//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.681.9726rep=rep1type=pdfAccessed on 14112016Jisha K, Jebakumar, WhatsappA Trend Setter in Mobile communion among Chennai Youth. IOSR Journal OfHumanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 9, Ver. cardinal (Sep.2014), PP 01-06Smartphone ApplicationUsage Amongst Students at a South African University, Walter UYS 1 , AadilahMIA, Gary Jef frey JANSEN, Haythem VAN DER SCHYFF, Michael Andre JOSIAS,Michelle KHUSU, Muzaffer GIERDIEN, Natacha Andrea LEUKES, Sulungeka FALTEIN,Tejas GIHWALA, Tracey-Lee THEUNISSEN, Yaseen SAMSODIEN. IST-Africa 2012 ConferenceProceedings. Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds) IIMC InternationalInformation Management skunk , 2012Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis,and F. D. Schoorman (1995) An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust, TheAcademy of Management Review (20) 3, pp. 709-734.Coppola, N., S. R. Hiltz,and N. Rotter (2004) Building Trust in Virtual Teams, IEEE Transactions on passe-partout Communication (47) 2, pp. 95-104.Roloff, M. E. (1981) Interpersonal communication The socialexchange approach. Beverly Hills, CA quick of scent Publications, Inc.