Altruists attract and origins of mating behavior Essay Example for Free

Altruists realise and origins of mating behavior EssayIn the experiment study altruists attract researchers concluded that people tend to corporate with the to a greater extent attractive members of the opposite sex. Besides, as more one member of opposite sex is showing corporation, the more attractive it may seem to other member of the opposite sex. No doubt, altruistic behavior is beneficial in both genders which ar in the long-term relationships because they sh atomic number 18 the same resources or care to the highest degree their children.Research shows that people who are corporative are viewed by others as more attractive and kind and these are the values which people count for when are flavor for mating partners. For example, males tend to give more money to women beggars than to the same sex beggars-males. Second article talked about origins of mating and how people choose partners when it comes to mating. Charles Darwin was the first who proposed the theory of se xual selection, emphasizing that mating behavior fuck be explained by evolutionary change preferences for a mate and competition for a mate.Humans never choose mating partners just by coincidence they tend to use strategies in order to go on the most appropriate mate. Also, our ancestors used strategies for mating, they chose to mate with the opposite sex members who were reproductive in order to pass on genes to the next generations. For instance, females choose their mates who are economically independent, who will take care of them and their children, and who would devote their time to family.These both strategies can be both referred to our ancestors and our time scale. Author of this article compare women with weaverbirds which excessively prefer man with rich and fruitful nests. However, the most difficult decisions for humans in selecting a mate is to distinguish and indentify what kind of relationship are they looking for short term or long term relationship. Even when it comes to animal mating, the stronger and larger ones are the more chances in decision an appropriate mate.Therefore, the weaker ones ten to bomb in finding a mate and they become extinct. No doubt, keeping a mate is another important thing for the people who are desire a long term relationship. Some people tend to be by nature more jealous than others. Therefore, sexual jealously can come alive either vigilance or cause violence between couples. Finally, it is not in human nature to date just with one person for an completed lifetime.Humans often brake up or split with other member of sex, due to the conflicts such as one may feel unsatisfy creation in a particular relationship, cheating or other reasons. All over the world humans are failing for the divorce. It is not only seen in Western world. When people brake up or split they tend to enter again the mating market. But reentering again and starting everything from new can cause other problems. For example, women having chi ldren from previous relationship may have difficulty to finding a new mate. Besides, ages plays a big role in finding a mate.

Life Cycle Costing Essay Example for Free

Life Cycle Costing EssayIt expects the new point of intersections to have a emotional state cycle of 3 years and the following appeals have been estimated. Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Units make and sold 25,000 100,000 75,000 Price per unit ? 90 ? 80 ? 70 Research and Development Costs ? 850,000 ? 90,000 - Production Costs Variable cost per unit ? 30 ? 25 ? 25 Fixed costs ? 500,000 ? 500,000 ? 500,000 Marketing Costs Variable cost per unit ? 5 ? 4 ? 3 Fixed Cost ? 300,000 ? 200,000 ? 200,000 statistical distribution Cost Variable cost per unit ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 Fixed Cost ? 90,000 ? 190,000 ? 190,000 Customer service cost per unit ? 3 ? 2 ? 2 Required to calculate the cost per unit looking at the whole lifecycle and comment on the price to be charged. Question 3 Fjalar AS, a software company developing a new accounting package, General Ledger. The following are the budgeted amounts for General Ledger over a five-year product life cycle Particulars Year 1 2 Year 3 to 5 One-time set-up Cost Cost per package Research Development Cost ? 240,000 pattern Cost of process ? 160,000 Production Cost ? 100,000 ? 25 Marketing Cost ? 0,000 ? 24 Distribution Cost ? 50,000 ? 16 Customer service Cost ? 80,000 ? 30 For strategic reasons, Fjalar AS have chosen to skim the market by charging higher price to customers eager to try General Ledger when it first comes out, and discredit prices to customers who are willing to wait. The projected selling price per package and sales quantity in units is given below Particulars Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Selling price per package ? 600 ? 480 ? 400 Sales quantity in units 5,000 4,000 2,500 You are required to calculate the life cycle cost per unit and its operating profit.

The Virtual Team Leadership Management Essay

The practical(prenominal) Team Leadership Management EssayThis review of research examines the do work of loss attractorshiphip, Types of Leadership, Functions of attractorship, Conflict models, Leadership process, effectuality of leader, Leadership outcomes, Self-management in Virtual police squads, working skills, Building affirm and cooperation through technology adoptions in Virtual aggroup ups. Based on the review of the literature and research many hypotheses were proposed regarding the functions of leaders in practical(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) team up ups to manage, reduce the conflict and to motivate team members for sustained outcome.IntroductionIn the discussion of large companies and organizations out sourcing and branching out their teams typical to distri howevere the goals, productivity and consumer satisfaction. To manage organizations turn everywhere throughout all the braches is impossible which exhaust contrasting people working on same task from distinguishable places with different eonlines and schedules. So, leading these teams need special requirements and skills apart from general organizational behavior. This say concentrates from both leader and team perspective to resolve conflicts and increase teams carrying out. The apply of practical(prenominal) teams is common now-a-days and much than half of the master copy employees atomic number 18 believed to work or already ease up worked on realistic teams during their c areer (Martins, 2004 as cited in Wakefield, Leidner, Garrison, 2008). These practical(prenominal) teams were dispersed geographically and culturally in order help the organization with pulsation the clock work and to allow efficient employees from all over the world. These virtual teams may be used as RD, customer service, etc. Since the virtual teams have great diversity than collocated teams these virtual teams tend to have much conflict within the team. This literature review p rovide briefly describes the challenges caused by virtual teams, subjects of conflicts involved in the teams, The types of lead procedures followed by the team leaders in order to reduce team conflict and gain trust, confidence and manage motivation in the team members. This review also deals with effects and causes of the performance and outcomes of the leading practices.LiteratureGeneral Idea and Sur feeling FindingsThe idea of Virtual team Leadership centers it attention over managing the teams, Reducing conflicts, Building trust, cooperation with in the team so that it goat perform better and achieve more outcome. In acquired literature researchers concluded to different types of hypotheses which yields the required outcome from the team. The teams mutual awareness crowd out be disrupted by removing the common factors like location , culture between the team members (Cramton, 2001). The electronic interactions among teams members that may be mis lowstood and it is not af fect that team conflict is pressing problem in virtual teams (Armstrong Cole, 2002 Hinds Mortensen, 2005). The studies found many type of leadership skills and uprise towards team conflict to increase the trust and motivation between team members. Virtual run acrosss often include collaboration of multiple organizations or employee-client relations through which leaders doomed ability to mold the workers and hence use of schooling and communication tools to regain their lost influence for achieving better performance from the team. In some situations for virtual teams forget see rising leadership skill where the active team members will lead the teams according to the situation of the project or proposed work. There is different leadership behaviors proposed by discordant studies the main leadership skills exhibited by these team leaders will be transformational, transactional and participative behaviors. Some of the studies proposed the success of the team is not only du e to a teams efforts but it is collective psyche influence the performance of team. The challenges of the virtual team coiffuretings can be overcome enhancing the leader ability which can be achieved by the variety in management principles (Levasseur, R. E, 2012).Leadership in Virtual TeamsVirtual team is a group of individuals who are geographically dispersed, cross functional and they work on highly interdependent and collaborative tasks. For leading these virtual teams will need special leadership skills and practices, the authors like Rosen, Furst, Blackburn did intense research and found nformer(a) sixsome types of leadership practiced performed by virtual team leaders, those can elaborated mainly as establishing and maintaining trust through use of communication technology, ensuring distributed diversity, managing working career cycle, monitoring teams progress, enhanced visibility, enabling virtual team members to benefit from collaborated team work (Rosen, Furst, Bla ckburn, 2006 as cited in Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007).For me leading virtual teams requires all the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, because the authors stated that the Synchronizing efforts of geographically, culturally and technologically diverse team does not get hold magically and they stated that its hard to motivate and influence people electronically (Rosen, Furst, Blackburn, 2006 as cited in Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007).Challenges faced by Virtual TeamsThe virtual teams have different and great challenges than the traditional workplace environment, The working lines will cross over geographic locations, boundries, cultures, ne iirks and alliances. Since the virtual teams are very diverse, they have very unique set of problem rather than collocated teams. The virtual teams face the issues of trust, communication, goal alignment, shared purpose, skills, resource availability and role c larity (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008).Virtual team has to overcome the following immaterial and internal challenges. External factors are outside the control of a virtual team and the team has to find a way to manage them for example, like distance, m and technology. Internal factors are those will be within the control of a virtual team, the team can directly influenced or interact with these factors like culture, trust, communication, kindred and leadership (Friedrich, Bleimann, Stengel, Walsh, 2011).The Leadership is the key for any virtual organization setting, the right competencies, attributes, trust and rapport, and management of virtual workers and teams. Elective leadership is the key factor that influences success in a virtual organization. The Maintenance of cultural identity, brand of employment and employee-manager satisfaction requires consistent and regular communication (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008). Leadership skills are necessary for virtual work. According to ONeill, Lewis, Hambley,(2008) generally leadership included in virtual teams a powerfully concentrate ones on relationships, emotional intelligence, a track record and innovation, a focus on process and outcome, and the ability to give positive and constructive feedback. In the virtual organizations, the role of leaders tends to shift from one of controller to one of coordinator or coach and it is necessary for organizations to promote trust and working relationships (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008).Diversified Leadership Roles in Virtual TeamsAccording to Chen, Yang, Tsou (2008) the diversified leadership roles influences both leadership effectiveness and team trust. There is some factors influence the teams effectiveness they are team trust, propensity, leadership effectiveness. The researchers also found that the trust mediates the relationship between both leader and team effectiveness.Synchronous ICT ( Information and Communication Technology) tools can be different in ter ms of social presence and information richness and text, audio- and video-conferencing systems are classified advertisement under these tools. From e-mails, discussion forms, and bulletin boards, to workflow, scheduling and other project management applications the ICT tools vary in wide ranges. The success of the virtual teams is clear purpose, goals always should be measurable, appropriate number of individual in the team, establishment of guidelines, communication, decision making and processes.The behavioral complexity theory clearly stressed on importance of leader in improving their team effectiveness by their diversified leadership roles (Kayworth Leidner, 2002 as cited in Chen, Yang, Tsou2008). The roles of leadership are categorized in to three types they are, interpersonal contact, information processing and decision making. The type of challenges that such as ICT-enabled communications, cross-cultural communications, global logistical design, technological complexity a re more prevalent in the virtual teams. Diversified leadership roles, leadership effectiveness, and propensity to trust all positively influence team trust, in turn will contributes to two types of indicators of team effectiveness, performance and satisfaction (Chen, Yang, Tsou, 2008).Building Trust and CooperationProject managers are the key people for making their teams successful. When the group was set virtually they go to face to face meeting using communication technology, but these meeting will affect both cost and time for travel during the project (PMI 2004). The researchers had a doubt in mind that weather effective management of information and communication technology offer VT leaders to regain the lost control over influence and performance over their virtual or not. Here the researchers proposed research model to find out how technology adaption will relate to the building trust and cooperation in virtual teams. The descriptive findings of study suggests that it is im portant to adopt to the new technology frequently, According to Thomas Bostrom (2008) The leaders failed to recognize technology adaptation although they recognized inherent tradeoff . Information and communication technologies usage failures will have a domino effect on productivity (Thomas Bostrom, 2008) this means if the leaders fails to influence the team members and lost control over management power the whole team mechanism will lose its balance. Hence leaders can affect the teams outcomes by managing adaptions of their team information and communication technology.Project managers doing virtual projects must look at the big picture and not micromanage, (Fung, 2005 as cited in Jedd, 2006). Leader of virtual team should ensure standards are met and they should intervene with the teams activity when there is a problem, like noncompliance of standards. They get to know the each and every team member and assure how to motivate them and communication preferences. It is suggestiv e that the people are happier when they left alone to do their work and team empowerment was positively related to process benefit and customer satisfaction vice versa. The project leaders first they should understand clearly about the project and its objectives they are working on. After that they have to determine the essential skills required for the projects to select the subordinates. Trust is developed through guidance, not by micromanaging (Jedd, 2006)Leadership in Self-Managed Virtual TeamsIn most of the organizations virtual teams are typically project based with a limited time of life span and little deliverables. These teams are self-managed and do not have any designated leader to lead those teams (Yukl 1998 as cited Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In this electronic context, might be better viewed as a collective effort distributed among team members characterized by the sharing and rotating of leadership roles (Zigurs 2003 Avolio 1999 as cited in Carte, Chidambara m, Becker, 2006). Although teams typically do not have any leader assigned these teams will have external supervision. Within such teams we can find diverse qualities of leadership behaviors exhibited by team members.The study was conducted on 22 virtual teams which had under graduate students of three university, this experiments had diffusion threat and time threat to external validity. Because of the communication exchanges among high performance teams characterized by high level of directive leadership and the behaviors exhibited among the teams mate during leaders were not persistence in accordance of time.For me this research gives a better idea that, the Article focused more on identifying emergent leadership behavior. It found that leadership behavior was strongly associates with performance of these self managed teams. Author suggests that shared monitoring and concentrated producing behaviors were more likely to exhibit by high performing teams. Subordinates exhibit the l eadership behaviors early in teams life which are more predictive of success than those exhibited later during the process of emergent. The two likely bi products of the shared commitment to high tint teams outcomes are better relational development and greater trust among team members (Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In order to ensure the self managed teams are more successful both individual and collective leadership behaviors plays major role.Model of Conflict, Leadership, and Performance in Virtual TeamsVirtual teams are common in large organizations now-a-days and more professional employees are believed to work or already worked on virtual teams during their career. These virtual teams were dispersed geographically and culturally in order to facilitate the organization with round the clock work and to allow qualified professionals from all over the world. These virtual teams may be used as RD, customer service, etc. Since the virtual teams have great diversity than collo cated teams these virtual teams tend to have more conflict within the team. This study mainly concentrates on the model of conflict, Leadership and the performance of virtual teams with conflict. The leaders are subjected to Quinns (1984) model of leadership and evaluate their performance with respect to conflict solving skills.The data for this study was collected from the virtual team members use by a major U.S telecommunication corporation and virtual team members representing five firms in Korea. The firms and their location were chosen based on researchers personal contacts. The outpouring measurements was based on hypotheses of different models like The monitor role and task conflict, Use of technology mediated communication, leadership role and team conflicts, Coordinator role and process conflict, Mentor role and relational conflict, Facilitator role and form of conflict and leadership roles and leader effectiveness, Leader effectiveness and team performance. All the teams are subjected to participate in electronic communications likes emails, group discussions, messaging, and video conference. The teams leaders will virtually guide the teams to resolve the conflicts between the team members.This research is motivated by amuse in understanding how teams leaders can be effectively manage the conflicts with in virtual teams. Factors such as cultural diversity, geographical dispersion, few face to face meeting, increased complexity gave the momentum to virtual teams and it is critical to identify the factors contribute to virtual teams success. The leaders involving with more transformational, directive and participative behaviors of leadership approach had the greater team success. The internal leadership roles will improve in managing the teams conflict and leadership with these traits will be a better leader and the team will perform well in virtual environment.Transformational and Transactional LeadersRuggieri, 2009 stated that the effects of trans actional and transformational leadership on groups in which people interact in a virtual manner were analyzed and specifically the level of satisfaction and perception of the style adopted were evaluated. Most of the leaders who conducts transactional leadership will perceive the relationship as an exchange process between leader and follower (Bass Avolio, 1993 as cited in Ruggieri, 2009). Namely there are four principle factors that are categorized under transformational leadership charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass Avolio, 1993 as cited in Ruggieri, 2009).The results suggest that the both transformational and transactional leadership perceived equally positive figures, Transformational leaders are intelligent and sensitive in many aspects of the leadership roles. Some of the leaders are oriented more towards the growing the relations of the subordinates rather than focusing on the goal of the team, these are know n as charismatic leaders. They concentrate more on future and development of the workgroup. Since these leaders are involve in developing the personal relations and future minded they tend to induce more positive attitude in subordinates and motivates them to goal achievement. Apart from being intelligent these leaders are stuffed with more creativity and originality. On the other hand, some of the leaders are more tasks oriented rather than focusing on building relations they are self esteemed and authentic about the job definition (Ruggieri, 2009). There are almost similar negative adjective coming to these two types of leaders.The Multilevel regression analyses indicated that leaders mode of care reasoning was more positively related to follower reports of transformational leadership but not transactional leadership (Simola, Barling, Turner, N. 2012).The transformational approach had many dimensions of the leadership process. Generally, the process involves initiating, developin g and carrying out changes in organization. Transformational leadership includes nourishing and empowering followers. Since the transformational leaders tend to show charismatic behaviors, these leaders can manufacture role models to their followers. Transformational leaders encourage others and celebrate their accomplishments ( Simola, Barling, Turner, N. 2012). By the end transformational leadership induces positive attitude in minds of followers making them feeling better general and increase their contributions for achieving common goals.The transformational leadership is more efficient than the other type of leaderships due to its authentic factors like motivation and trust, where other types of leadership will have some sort of inconsistency and trouble maintaining the relations with the subordinates.The Effects of Leadership Style and Communication MediumThe authors explained the process briefly with their outcomes and effects on the subordinates in the teams. Actually lea ders leading the teams virtually by using communication technology as a medium where the subordinates are geographically isolated. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the leadership and sort out the best possible approaches of the leaders to achieve success for the teams this may include vast variety of approaches. Since all the teams are handled virtually the communication between the team members will be in different kinds like text messaging, emails, video conference, tele conference , discussion and many more (Laura, Thomas, Theresa. 2007). This study gives a better idea how the leaders are approaching the team members and type of interactions using by them to get the job done.Study was the conducted with 30 graduate and under graduate students from the department of psychology acting as participants in six experimental conditions. Purpose of this study to evaluate the leaders by conducting experiments in all possible conditions and ensure that all the leaders are successfu l with the teams and typically time taken to complete the task on individual basis and as a teamAccording to my opinion the success of the team depends up on the type of style leader is using on the team mates and their interaction, since all the communication is virtual there are lot of constrains taken in to consideration like time, schedules, cultural and thought barriers, technical issues and every aspect will affect the teams performance (Laura, Thomas, Theresa. 2007).ConclusionFinally, leading virtual teams requires all of the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, Behavior of the emerging leader is associated to the performance of the self managed virtual team. Leaders can affect the teams outcomes by managing adaptions of their team information and communication technology. The two likely bi products of the shared commitment to high quality teams outcomes are better relational development and greater tru st among team members (Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In order to ensure the self Transformational leaders are intelligent and sensitive in many aspects of the leadership roles (Ruggieri, 2009). Leading virtual teams requires all the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, because the authors like Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007 stated that the Synchronizing efforts of geographically, culturally and technically diverse team does not happen magically and they stated that its hard to motivate and influence people electronically. According to my opinion the success of the team depends up on the type of style leader is using on the team mates and their interaction. The change in management principles can enhance the leaders ability to overcome challenges that virtual teams present (Levasseur, 2012). Hopefully, as a result, leaders everywhere will better understand what to do to enhance the performance of their virtual teams. The internal leadership roles will improve in managing the teams conflict and leadership with these traits will be a better leader and the team will perform well in virtual environment.

Accidental discoveries

Accidental discoveriesAccidental Discoveries1. (noun)accidentan unfortunate mishap especially unrivalled causingdamage or injury2.(noun)accident, stroke, fortuity, chance eventanything that happens suddenly or by chance without an app bent causeDefined as, the act or an instance of discovering, a person, place or thing that has been discovered. Majority of accidental discoveries be science based out-of-pocket to different chemicals being spilt, unexpended besides long to boil or too much of a specific chemical added to one or an unsanded(prenominal) solution. Huge ranges of discoveries have been made in an accidental way. Creating a large impact on people and society. Discoveries such as Insulin, The Microwave, Potato chips, Teflon, and Cookies also verbalize to have been discovered by accident. except having most impact on society, discoveries such as Penicillin and X-ray widely apply everyday at bottom medicine are two of the best apply accidental discoveries.Serendipity is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate, especially while looking for something entirely unrelated. (Roberts, 1989)PenicillinCommonly associated with the discovery of Penicillin is Alexander Fleming, who in 1928 discovered and named the medicine Penicillin.Leading to the discovery at the time, Fleming was said to have taken time away from his laboratory, located at St Marys Medical School London, cognise to be a very in tidy, unclean type of guy Fleming had poor housekeeping leaving food, unclean items in his Lab. Due to un sterile conditions, once Fleming had returned it was noted that footling do work spores were forming on test slides left to the open air. Mould began to grow on the slides causing cross-contamination, creating bacterium. The area surrounding the mould in the dish was clear, suggesting that bacteria could not survive near mould. Fleming predicted, compounds created by the mould must have anti-bacterial action. (Fleming, 1929) Th is leading to the discovery of the substance Penicillin.Associated with the discovery of Penicillin primarily is Fleming raised in Scotland is a prominent individual within medicine, helping with the development of many a(prenominal) science and medicine based substances. Flemings personality and background was one well educated, competitive in his specialised field, said to have a keen passion for discovery. He was very observant, intuitive and curious, helping with his discovery, as others may have not questioned the mould on the slides. As Fleming had only touched the basics of creating the drugs substance, two other scientists who are less commonly known, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, got hold of the penicillin substance and developed it shape up into the drug form. (British Library)The discovery of penicillin is one that has transitionised the medical industry and the way in which most common infections are get byed. Saving many lives since. Penicillin was the first antib iotic used to treat antibacterial infection successfully.Supplies of the drug became available by the 1940s but were limited.At the time Fleming discovered Penicillin, 1928, society was unstable. WWI in 1914 ending 1918, (Ho, 1999) penicillin was highly infallible but not discovered yet. Following on from this WWII 1939 ending 1945, Penicillin was being developed am some doses were able to save lives, if it was mass produced better and had experience available before the end of the war many lives would have been saved. Recent developments state that five impacts on society have occurred since development of Penicillin (Sun, 2005). One, Bacterial infections are no longer so common, recognising Penicillin as the most life saving drug in the world. (Ho, 1999). Secondly, Penicillin has bacteriological properties, fighting and killing unwanted bacteria. (Fleming, 1929) Thirdly, the discovery of Penicillin trigged further research into creating new antibiotics. Forth being, a man-made n egative impact meaning the more Penicillin is used on a human the more fictile to it the human becomes. The fifth being that Penicillin saves lives. Penicillin has become vital as part of the medicine industry, making Alexander Flemings discovery of Penicillin a very grievous one, that accidental.X-RayX ray (roentgen ray), electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high speed electrons strike a solid target, a radiogram made by exposing photographic film to X rays used in medical diagnosis. (Collins 2000) Is a further discovery within science and field of medicine that occurred by accident.In 1895 Wilhelm gas constant a German physicist discovered X rays. Conducting experiments in his lab on the effects of cathode rays, a beam of electrons that pass from a negative to optimistic charge ends of a tube using high voltage. The tube produced once lit, Roentgen noticed that the rays from the cathode illuminated a screen covered in fluorescent material barium. Ponder ing the effects of this Roentgen covered the tube in black paper, switched on the current and noticed the glow could still be seen by the paper. This then resulted in Roentgen using mixed objects and passing the current through it. The screen forever and a day continued to glow illuminated. The breakthrough came when Roentgen intercommunicate his hand on the screen showing a contrast between flesh and opaque bones. Using a photographic plate enabled an image to be captured. Meaning internal structures of the remains could be visible without surgery. (Glasser, 1992) Naming X ray, as in mathematics X equals an unknown quantity.Roentgen, raised in Lennop, Germany, always said to have shown qualities in puling things apart and being particularly interested in nature from a young age. Troublesome school years left him very un academic and was expelled from school with no qualifications. A disappointment to Roentgen as he was keen to follow sciences and experimentation. Taking up a r obotlike engineering degree in his late teens as he had nothing better to do, allowed him to gain qualifications securing him a place at a University, both studying, principle and carrying out experiments at night. One night doing so this is how X rays were discovered, November 1895. After the discovery was made Roentgen showed his photos famously being of his wifes hand in a small exhibition. Stirring up medical and science professionals. Duplicates of Roentgens discovery were being made and by 1896 at Glasgow Royal Infirmary an X ray discussion section had been set up. Doctors realised the benefits of the discovery utilising it as much as possible. The use of X ray is to photograph a patients body, a part of the body is in front of the X ray light with photographic film placed behind. Rays shine through the body part highlighting bone in a dark colour and flesh much lighter. Dr Hall-Edwards was the first Doctor to made a diagnosis using X ray. (British Library)The Impact on soci ety at the time was huge, as with developments in the first 20 years after the discovery, X ray was used to treat soldiers in the WWI saving lives then and X ray has continued to do so up to now. Eventually in 1900s it was noticed that frequent exposure to X ray could be harmful to the body destroying healthy cells, noting the effects enabled the discovery that the rays were powerful enough to fight cancer cells and skin dieses, allow killing healthy cells too, effected areas must be guardedly exposed. This was another breakthrough as Cancer and other illnesses need treating. Development of the march has enabled more uses of the X ray, not just within medicine. X rays are now used in industry as security measures and are used within hospitals on a day-to-day basis.VelcroNow known as pussyfoot-and-eyelet, a nylon fabric used as a fastening was discovered after George de Mestral took advantage upon sorting out an irritating problem he had. In 1941 after taking walks in the Alps and through fields, wearing long coats and walking his dog. Mestral took it upon himself to take a closer look at wherefore he himself and his dog returned home with burrs stuck to himself and dogs fur. Burrs are plant seeds covered in small hooks. Mestral noticed it was hard to brush the burrs off and more force was required to pull the burr from the coat or fur. Examining the burrs under a microscope, Mestral saw that the burr was a maze of thin strands with burrs or (hooks) on the end. (Bellis, 1997) Knowing how tightly the burrs stick to fabric and fur, Mestral realised there was potential to develop a new fastener. Taking 8 years to develop to get the fastening right, experimenting with various cloths, hook making and using woven fabrics. The first cloth used had velvet like appearance, naming the invention after French words, velvet velour and hook crochet, calling the invention Velcro, (Stephens, 2007). By 1988 manufacture of nylon and plastics had developed, resulting in the final invention being to strips of nylon fabric, one contains lots of small hooks, the other small loops, touch together form a very strong bond.Mestral, a Swiss man, whos Velcro became something said to have hooked the world, born in 1907 near Lake geneva showed inactive and a very inquisitive nature from a young age. Gaining a patent at the age of only 12. Went on to study and ammonium alum as a electrical engineer. Inventing such a new cerebration said to rival the common zip (Stephens, 2007). Quoted to have said that an inventor is a madman who has a transcendent idea, a spark of light (Freeman, 1997).VELCRO company formed nowadays is one of the largest hook-and-loop fasteners used in fashion and other applications. Its strong, can be easily separated, lightweight, durable and is washable. Various colours are also available.In the field of observation, change favours only the prepared mind(Louis Pasteur, 1854) stuff Inventions1. (noun)invention, innovationa creation (a new d evice or process) resulting from study and experimentation2.(noun)inventionthe act of inventingDefined as, the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation. Was a revolution starting in Britain, that saw people move from working on land to work within manufacture. Many people moved to the cities looking for bigger factory jobs. New methods of manufacture meant things could be made faster and at a lower cost. Machine manufacturing also had a profound impact on modern society. Throughout the time there were many big inventions such as, The Locomotive, Steam Engine, and within textiles, Water Frame, Spinning Jenny, Spinning Frame, Looms plus more. Industrialisation was at a high with new methods, ideas and inventions being created. New materials were also developed, allowing things to be produced very efficiently.Spinning JennyIn a short space of time several inventions in textile machinery were created, thanks to the industrial revolution. Machinery such as the flying s huttle, reel frame, spinning jenny and cotton gin were created to allow easier turnout of materials. All the machines facilitated handling a large amount of cotton. In 1764 a British carpenter and weaver James Hargreeves invented the Spinning Jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was first to improve upon the what was, Spinning Wheel. (Beliss, 2008).Knitting MachineThrough the industrial revolution more machines were invented to take on the demand or end product to a higher rate. Machines were needed to improve the speed of production of woven fabric to meet demand for yarn and thread. Most machinery and textile production at the time, late 18th century, was twist and spinning. Similar improvements and better use of knitting machines was being done. Now days knitting machines are just as important as weave machines, if not more important due to demands of fashioning. Around 1589 the first knitting machine was constructed, by an English man named Rev William downw ind. Its said that downwind was always annoyed by the clacking of his wifes knitting provokes, imaging a device that instead of using the slow process of knitting one loop at a time, could knit a whole row at once. (2009) Devices of this nature had been used by carpet weaves for many years up to this point. Lee took this idea and added a line of hooks that would release knitted loops, making room for another line to follow on. Lee travelled with his brother nerve-racking to market the idea for the frame but had no success, not absent to give up. Lee created a partnership with a Nottingham business man, who then with Lee built the worlds first knitting factory. However becoming so successful local hand knitters complained to the government, appealing for limiting use of the factories knitting frames, not wanting drive and change in industry to take place. Certain items such as stockings were no longer seen as a luxury item due to the now mass production. Methods of producing clot hing remained the same until the 1700s where then improvements of the knitting frame were made to create different kinds of knitted fabric. Material was now being produced in warp knit and in 1758 Jedediah Strutt designed a machine to knit rib fabric, circular machine for tubular fabric designed in 1978 by Frenchman Decroix. In 1855 the first water powered knitting frame was constructed in Loughbrough, England. After this the most important development in knitting technology was the clasp needle, half hook with a small latch that opened and closed. Using this made the knitting process even faster and more reliable.Lee, was infatuated and obstinate to create a machine that he devoted 3 years of his time to it. Said to have had, such an aversion to hand knitting. The rapid process of knitting he has invented was an astonishing achievement and was pronounced almost unequalled in the history of mechanical invention. (Smiles, 1859)His small invention went along way within industry invo lving many inventors who develop the machine in their own way. The impact the invention had on society at the time was huge although Lee compete a small part in the invention and was taken over by other inventors in time. In factories nowadays knitting takes place on huge machines with lines of needles knitting up to for million stitches each second.Jacquard MachineIn 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented an improved textile loom. One of the first looms to use puncher card, these controlling weaving patterning, control and workmen were not need to be so skilled. Patience, hard work and skill were not needed as much.Living in Lyon, Jacquards family owned a small weaving business, where Jacquard worked on a draw-loom from a young age. Jacquard was a draw boy, this was to sit inside the loom, lift or move a weigh of threads this was a small, cramped and dusty job and after his parents died Jacquard set out to improve the loom and the factories conditions so no draw boy was needed. At this time Lyon was a thriving weaving area, where lots of silk weaving was done. Jacquard noticed the weaving process was long and tedious. Jacques de Vaucanson an inspector of silk factories in Lyon had already invented an automatic weaving machine in 1745 with automated pattern control. Vaucansons machine was based on a system of holes punched into stiff card, which eliminated the job of the draw boy, the job Jacquard had done for many years. Vaucanson was not very successful as his machine was rejected by Lyons weavers guild as a non useable machine and was placed in a museum in Paris. Jacquard however had the idea his machine was based on this use of punch separate and he worked for many years trying to copy Vaucansons machine. Jacquards idea to make the loom automated was to add a device on top of the treadle-operated loom to process the punched cards. Then using an endless loop of affiliated perforated cards created what he wanted to achieve. Punched cards pass over a set o f needles, which pressed against the card, a hole in the card came up, the needle would detect this and activate the threading mechanism. Each hole in the card corresponded to a hook which could be either in the up or the down position. The hook raised or lowered the thread and the sequence of the raised or lowered threads is what constituted the pattern. By changing the pattern of the holes in the cards the pattern in the textile produced on the loom could be changed. (Wobbe, 2006) The first programmable loom had been designed, allowing multiple patterns to be produced on one weave or weak changing of the punch cards.Jacquard, although successful caused a lot of controversy at the time in society, as income in most families was poor, most loom workers used their children as draw boys securing income into the family. The new loom brought unemployment which was not a good thing for the poorer society. In 1806 the master of what was the weavers guild in Lyon commanded public destruct ion of the new loom as it was perceived as a threat to jobs in the weaving mountain. Jacquards invention had a major impact on the textile trade and his technology has become the basis for the modern automated looms. Textiles could be produced at a lower cost and with less amount of work involved, designs can be more complex, and technically perfect. Jacquards invention had an impact on the weaving industry but also on technology, sparking off the computer industry, due to the fact the punch cards store the same pattern and information on and can be used over and over again.http//www.swissinfo.ch/eng/search/detail/How a Swiss invention hooked the world.html (Stephens 2007.)Freeman, A, Golden B (1997) Why Didnt I Think of That Bizarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Couldnt Live Without, Wiley, Canada.Veasey, N, (2008) X-Ray, Goodman Books First Edition, Hong Kong.Glasser, O, (1992) Wilhelm Conroad Roentgen and the Early History of the Roentgen Rays, Norman Publishing,U.S. 2 edit ionGarcia, K, (2002) Wilhelm Roentgen and the Discovery of X-Rays (Unlocking the Secrets of Science), Mitchell Lane Publishers.http//wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/CyberHeroes/Jacquard.htm (Wobbe Vetger, 2006)

Morrisons ASDA

Morrisons ASDA Comparative strategies employed by big super commercializes in the UK- A critical comparative cultivationIntroduction Morrisons ASDA ar the 2 giant star supermarkets in London. They obtained wide popularity with their products works in UK market. This perspective study bequeath be focalizeing on the analytical review of the strategies adoptive by them in the business process. It provide intend to make affinity of their strategic norms in the business with in depth examination comparative analysis to make out at the suitable conclusions recommendations for their regular business policies. Morrisons is the 4th largest supermarket chain in UK It is having 11.5% shargon of the grocery sector in UK It is established in 382 superstores serving approximately 10 million shoppers in a week. Its business strategy is customer oriented focusing on selling groceries at the lower prices. Its establishments dealing plainly in the large superstores. It does not offe r its customers an online shopping service it has not yet caused in the financial services market.ASDA is too one of the leading supermarket in London, it is a part of the Wal-Mart family. They committed to provide services to their customer in the bright welcome environment. They strategically aimed to offer excellent standard of the customer service ground on the customer service programme giving the right staff training to fulfil the needs of the customers. Varieties of products of the different brands are offered by ASDA in their superstores to achieve the customer satisfaction.Research Questions This academic study leave behind be purely focusing on the market strategies adoptive by the leading supermarkets in their business processes. On going for the analytical review following are some of the explore questions raised in my mind1 What is the area of the business phylogenesis of Morrison ASDA in UK?2 What are the strategies adopted by Morrison ASDA for the growth expa nsion of their business activity in UK?3 What are the suitable, feasible acceptable tools for their strategic analysis comparison in the business?4 What are the comparative advantages of their strategies, policies in the business in UK?Research has been undertaken with the directions of all the subjective analysis in depth.Literature Review aboriginal issue behind this study analysis will be to make analysis of the new-fangled strategies adopted by both of these supermarkets for their business development in UK to suggest them further improvements for their expansion in the area of activity in UK based on the detailed study. Martin Headen his associates has through analytical study on this way out in Jan 2009 which is purely focused on the Market Development of the ASDA Morrison in comparative analysis. They clearly stated that Morrison is the supreme dealer of groceries in an international market seeking their promotion of sales services throughout the world, It has derive d its rank with their optimum capability face to face contracts in door presentation for achieving the customer satisfaction, they are having the boom technology in the business planning premises In the technical analysis of ASDA business strategy it has been stated in their perspective study as 15.6 % of the grocery market is controlled by ASDA in UK ,it is only a supermarket based petrol retailer to react a Safeways promotion, it swiftly cut its prices 0.8p per fifty Martin et.al,2009 In his opinions given by a retail analyst he stated that Price can make customer switch temporarily to a competitor, but it is not enough to make them stay. If the price is the only factor grocery shoppers considered, then Aldi would win every time, yet the budget chain has a UK market share of just 1.7% Fredric,2008 It is showing that price comparison is an important factor pointed out in this research journal for making the comparison of the strategies adopted by the supermarkets.However, it is aiming to find out that only the price is not to be treated as the sole successor for the market analysis, even for the increasing train of quality of the product in the stores price is considered to be subsidiary with in the limit of the budgets of the customers. In many cases for purchasing of the qualitative products customer prefers to spend superfluous above the budget, it is therefore strategic aim of the supermarkets is not always price based rather it is quality based in the product development. In the studies done by Antony Marric in his research analysis in sept.2009 he had given focus on the sustainable marketing strategies of the business developments adopted by supermarkets in Uk.He had analysed the related factors coming in the background of the research towards the porters 5 forces as a business strategy tool. He focused on the buyers power, suppliers power, market rivalry, brat of new entrants entry barriers with their inter relative impacts on each other in the process of the strategic business development. In his literature he has write that the Sustainable Marketing strategy is based on the four P,s which are Price,Product,Place,Promotion the four Es which are economic system,Ecology,Ethnology,Ethics. Antony,2009 Antonys study purely focused on the scientific marketing strategies of the supermarkets in their business developments. It has been studied from the perspective of the customer orientation as well as the seller orientation in the market analysis. Economy is related to the cost control in the business ,Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the business interactions between the business organisms their impact on their environment analysis, Ethnology is an analytical comparisons of the origins ,distribution,technology,language,religion with that the social structure of the ethnic ,racial national divisions of the humanity where as Ethics are the benchmarks of the standard, rational code of conducts of the busi ness which can be helpful for the survival stability of the business in the Market.Especially in ASDA Morrison there are extensive researches developments in the products to absorb the new customers in the market Henry,2009 In his scientific analysis Henry precisely focused on the socio cultural influences of the people leaving in the society on the food retailing .Now there are changes in the quality of the food products in Uk,Desire of the exotic fruits, fish in the past trends has gone now changed in the healthier food in the taking packages suitable in the environmental scanning. He focused on the developments in the 21st century about the customer appearances towards the acceptability of the food products so faraway it has been closely impacted on the strategy of the appearance of the saleable product of the supermarkets. He also focuses on the changing habits of the customers changing habits of the customers towards eating food in this trend of the new culture how the supermarkets responded to the consumer preferences to stabilise their activity in the market. Every supermarket has its own implemented strategy ,ASDA is the lowest price offers the cheapest one among all the supermarkets in UK which is closely followed by the Morrison , However it is having different impacts on the consumer behaviour might be due to the brand identity of the products sold in the both supermarkets. Peter,2008 The norm of study of Peter clearly pre-screened towards the view of the strategic development of the supermarkets in UK,it is based on the price fixation of the products in the supermarkets its relative impact on the consumer preferences their psychology towards accepting the products. He also stresses on the brand identity of the products which are sold by the supermarkets.Methodology Methods will be used for the proposed study, will be based on the pure analytical trend of the supermarkets strategy in their area of activity of the business. The process wi ll be divided into 3 aspects of the research. The proposed study is giving importance to the systematic exploratory research based on the survey ,observations analytical review. The research will be prepared in the aiming at the perspective direction of the users towards the suitable, feasible acceptable planning decision-making. It is appropriate to choose the exploratory research to focus in depth on the emulous strategies of the supermarkets for their business development in the emergent market.Survey is important to guess the impact of the strategies developed applied by the supermarkets on the consumer behaviour,Analytical review is to pre-screening the implications of the strategic management of the supermarkets based on the responses given by the consumers. info Gathering Primary data will be gathered with the regular visits in the supermarkets at the periodical intervals. Data will be collected with conducting the regular interviews of the working persons in the super markets about their policies strategies in the expansion of the business. Why do interviews with workers offer policy insights? Observations on the consumer preferences knowledge about impacts of the business strategies adopted by the supermarkets will be gathered. Observations can be helpful to make analysis of the changes in the consumer behavioural patterns their buying behaviour towards the policies implemented by the supermarkets. Survey of the potential customers with getting replies from them through customers will be gathered to gather data about the consumer responses. Secondary data will be collected from the journals,brouchers,product magazines of the supermarkets. Secondary data will be collected to know about the average consumer opinion about the products services living in a particular area.It can give the consumer preferences as per the living area,age group on with the trends in the market.Data Analysis Qualitative quantitative data will be analysed to arriv e at the validate conclusions. Grounded theory will be used in the analytical comparisons of the supermarkets. For the statistical analysis of the quantitative measurements Statistical piece of ground of Social Sciences SPSS will be used to make the perspective analysis of the gathered data. Data will be analysed in the Strenths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities Threats to study the potential norms of the strategies adopted by the supermarkets with their impact on the business policy developments. Strategic norms in the business can be assessed with clubbing of the advantageous disadvantageous factors along with the intimate external factors in the business. Study will be analysed in the cause effect relationships of the facts circumstances of the business developmental strategy in the supermarkets. How the circumstances leading to or caused to the potential effects in the business will be perspective analysed in the cut throat competition the comparative academics. Statistical Techniques of Mean,Mode,Median,Standard Deviation,Range,Chi-square test, Co-relation, desegregation will be used wherever necessary in the statistical strategic comparisons.Data Presentation The structured data will be presented in charts, diagrams ,histograms, graphs to make precise focus of the study towards the analytical review desired topic to obtain readers attention towards the research study analysis. Statistical measurements will be presented in the bar charts to have an in depth focus on the result orientation of the study with the suitability for attention understandibility of the user.Conclusion The determined research study is an analytical view of the comparison of the business strategies of the 2 leading giant supermarkets in London.ie ASDA Morrison etc. The study will give precise focus on the implementation of the strategic tools in their business processes for the comparative study. It will be pre-screening their norms of the business development in terms of t he area of operations along with their ideas prospective for the growth expansion of their business activity in the competitive UK market. Along with the tools of the strategic analysis it will be focusing on the merits demerits of the recent strategies of supermarkets with their complementary impact on the consumer behaviour in the Market. Even quantitative analysis will be done through the help of the statistical measures to arrive at the efficient, effective realistic findings of the academic research work.References1 Martin et.al,(2009),Research in Supermarkets,7 th edition, Boycott2Misher,F.(2008),Price Discrimination in Supermarkets, Toronto books3Ganguly,A.(2009),Strategic Marketing in Supermarkets, Tools Analysis of Business Strategies, tertiary edition, Sudan county publishers.4Adorten,H.(2009),Business Development in Supermarkets,1st edition,Antop Hill (ISBN14567512)5Disuza,P.(2008), Rationals of the Business strategy,2nd edition,Waffer

Ralph Vaughan Williams: Symphony Number Five :: essays research papers

Ralph Vaughan Williams Symphony Number FiveRalph Vaughan Williams, descended from the famous Wedgwood and Darwin families,was born at Down Ampney, Gloucestershire in 1872. In 1890 he entered the purplishCollege of Music, and in 1892 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. One of thegreatest of the British composers, a prolific writer of euphony, folksongcollector, and champion of British cultural heritage, he died develop 85 in 1958.His ashes are interred in Westminster Abbey alongside the nations greatestartists and poets. Symphony No. 5 in DIntroductionThe symphony contains a lot of material from RVWs whence unfinished opera, ThePilgrims Progress. When he began the Fifth Symphony, RVW thought he may neverfinish the opera, and didnt want to waste any trusty ideas. The symphony does nothave a programme, it is absolute music. It is in four movements a "Preludio"first movement, a Scherzo, a "Romanza" slow movement, and a "Passacaglia" finale.First thrust PreludioFrom the very beginning, RVW puts the key signature of this movement into doubt.The movement opens with a horn call in D, set against a firm base (or bass?) ofmusical octave Cs. Could it be that in the great traditions of British musicalamateurism, RVW got his transposition wrong? Or is this a deliberate featureof the music, intended to blur the tonality? Musicologists privilege the latterexplanation. This is by no means an unusual feature of his music, when he wasasked what the 4th symphony was about, RVW replied "It is about F-minor",alluding to his sometimes hazy tonalities, often augmented by his use of modal,mainly pentatonic melodies, which, with no leading note, often help to fudgethe tonality. Apart from the horn call, the brass is seldom used, and thetexture is light and airy. The first violins then enter, high on the E string,doubled at the octave below by the seconds in an introduction, before their maintheme at (1), doubled by flutes. The triplets add r hythmic variety, as well asproviding a distinctly folkie feel. During the course of the movement, thedistinctive dotted rhythm of the horns hardly ever leaves us. There are somerather abrupt key changes. i.e. Eb to E at (5). We are taken into the Allegro bya sudden change in mood. The music darkens with a slightly sinister version ofthe horn call in the bassoons. We then enter the Allegro, with a scurrying inthe strings, whilst the wind begins a down progression of notes, whichbuilds to a climax, with strings in semiquavers, until we reach the original

Scarlett Letter :: essays research papers

drop cloth and the Spice of LifeReally good salsa has lots of zesty vegetables and spices to make it good. But what if the spiciness of the salsa was taken away? It would just be tomato sauce. off-white is the spice of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. If her character was not present, the book would confine a entirely different flavor. In his essay entitled The Genius of The Scarlet Letter, Anthony Trollope states, Pearl is miraculous,-speaking, acting, thinking like an elf,-and is therefore, I think, a drawback rather than an aid. The desolation of the woman, too, would have been to a greater extent perfect without the child (Trollope 243). Trollopes point is well made, however the absence of Pearl would have made The Scarlet Letter an entirely different story. Without Pearl there would have been no proof of Hesters adultery, and she might have become more depressed, even sinned more. However, if Pearl had been a more normal and docile child, she would have been more well liked by readers.The most drastic change that would have been made in the book in the absence of Pearl would be that it would no longer have been called The Scarlet Letter. The reason for this being that without Pearl, there would have been no proof that Hester had committed adultery. Therefore, no one would have known and there would have been no punishment. Instead, Hester would have gone through the same guilt and internal battle as the minister, Reverend Dimmesdale. The reason that Dimmesdale is so ragd inside is because of the incredible feeling of guilt that he has because of having never taken blame or punishment for his sin. If Hester took no punishment, she would feel that same torture inside. But Pearl is present, so she is proof of Hesters adultery. Hawthorne says it best when he states, God, as a direct consequence of sin which man thus punished, had tending(p) her a lovely child (82). Hesters punishment was the consequence of having a child.Pearl is not only the proof of Hesters adultery, she is also the thing that keeps Hester going. Hester whitethorn have fallen into a depression and eventually died, but Hester has to keep sewing, keep getting out of bed in the morning, and keep taking sustentation of herself because she has someone else to take care of too. Hesters feelings about Pearl are revealed when Hawthorne states, But she named the infant Pearl, as being of great price,-purchased with all she had,-her mothers only treasure (82).