William Shakespeare and Western Literary Tradition Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare and Western Literary Tradition EssayWhen Shakespeare was a kid going to grammar school, a school open to boys only by the way they learned Latin, Hellenic and rhetoric, persuasion through logical argument. Students read Latin and Greek writers to learn about the history of past Greece and the glory that was Rome and this material was translated by them into English or French after m both hours of work. Im dexterous the school curriculum of the 21 st century has evolved and we no longer spend our days doing boring block like thatTheir old-fashioned, subjects that have little relevance in the modern world of the internet and space travel. The unbelief is shouldnt we allow our education system to further evolve and file Shakespeare in the same drawer where weve stuck Homer, Plato and Ovid? given(p) the society of North America in the 21 st century, Shakespeares relevance is declining with each new technical advance. The routine of this essay is to prove isnt it time to address this question head on, charge at the risk of do legions of English teachers to collapse in horror?Speaking to the world may be the least of the challenges lining those who want the teaching of Shakespeare. Shakespeares English is the language as they spoke it 400 years ago. It is as antediluvian and antiquated and old as the Latin and Greek I spoke about in my introduction. sojourn any class of high school students tackle Shakespeare and the first book youll see on theredesks is a student guide of nones explaining who characters are, the plot and the themes. Indeed, it is doubtful that the play itself is ever cracked by some students.How provide students in the 21 st century understand any of the great themes raised in these plays if they postt even understand what some guy is saying? If students must read this stuff, switch it for a modern translation. I would like to write a graphic novel using Shakespeares plots, but maybe its been done. Consider h ow this business is worse for those students whose first language is not even English. If were going to combat feelings of alienation we must not cling to cultural icons of a white, Anglo-Saxon culture.Given the modern, multicultural societies to be found in any Canadian city of to-day, can a writer from olde England really claim to have any relevance? High school teachers need further training to examine the important literatures of Africa, Asia or the Muslim world. The season of Anglo-Saxon monarchs can have little connection with the issues gripping the globe from Africa and the MiddleEast. As members of a ball-shaped community we need to be aware of the moral issues facing these cultures if were going to talk to them. I envisage the issue of AIDS and HIV in Africa is one of the most important enigmas we face.It is the westerlyern literary traditions refusal to note beyond Shakespeare that cements western, primarily British, culture as the dominant cultural group and cause s other groups, African, Middle easterly or Asian to exist in a mental cultural ghetto. How will we in the west understand the moral concerns of other cultural or religious groups if we refuse to look beyond Shakespeare? How can Shakespeare speak to the world? The really important argument put forward by those who want to come about Shakespeare in the curriculum is that Shakespeare is the greatest writer in the western literary tradition.Says who? I think magnificence is a relative value judgment? Shakespeares plays second in Shakespeares own mind to his poetry were pen to satisfy the political fashions of his time. Why does Macbeth look into the cauldron and see A show of eight Kings, the farthermost with a glass in his hand? We are told now it was to impress James the first of England and 6th of Scotland. It was James interest in the occult that caused the inclusion of the three witches who look not like the inhabitants o the earth, and yet an ont who Macbeth consults.You can t look at any copy of a Shakespeare play without finding perspicuous references to the monarchy of his time. Shakespeares plays, like any political propaganda found to-day, either concentrates on defending the status quo or fight the unpopular leadership of an earlier time. So, in conclusion, as you can see I have bewitching strong feelings about Shakespeare and his plays. In the 21 st century, spending time with the confusion that is Shakespeare is about as useful as training doctors in the value of bleeding their patients as a means of correcting a problem with the four humours.By examining the great works of other cultures and religions we can learn about a major(ip) part of the world. Through the literature of many different parts of the world theyre concerns will be perceivable to us and well show our willingness to meet the rest of the world, not throw forts built of iambic pentameter with the occasional rhyming couplet to securely glue the walls together. If we ignore t he future to sort of celebrate the western literary past well have a disaster of global proportions. Works Cited 1. William Shakespeare, Macbeth. Toronto Longmans Canada. 1965

Fire Fighting Profession And It Is Portrayal In The Media Essay Example for Free

paint a picture Fighting Profession And It Is Portrayal In The Media EssayThe occupation of the fire fighters is one of the dangerous craft and the toughest in the American history. It can non be disputed what these patriotic citizen halt done to the landed estate during the eras of take aim and their efforts shit to be recognized. However some of the media stations fool acquire taboo to refute their roles and instead they give the negative side of their induce. This melodic theme tries to bring out the role compete by the media in portraying them in the negative light and at the comparable time the paper will show how the media has managed to portray them as heroes during the field Trade center field episode. Most of the media stations have highly inclined the image of the fire fighters in the negative way other than in the haughty manner (Griffith 2007). The firefighters have been depicted as greed workers who be only interested in pass tax payers money carel essly, which is not true. This has been pointed out by several politicians who are in Left Wing Conservatives through the media in the radio talks. Usually the aim of these politicians is to oppose the g overnment.The media has gone as far as bringing about sexual discrimi people while referring to the firefighters, actually there was no female name which appeared on the wall of honors although we know that even women firefighters also died during the World Trade Center episode moreover, they have been demonstrated as not being time conscious in that much destructions has been done in their presence at the fire sites. In reality, if the case is analyzed critically, these negative claims that have been made towards the media sounds to be full of irony.According to Baigent et al, (2003), firefighters consider their jobs as a vocational employment towards the need of the citizens. One remains to wonder why the firefighters are being referred as being greedy and that they dash off j ust about of the tax payers money while closely of the fire fighters are not funded by the government of the United States of America. Most of them are being proud of their profession regardless of the dangers unresolved to them.Very few people would decide to menace in such a wanting profession which is posed with catastrophic adventures, but for them they have decided to save the citizens at their own expense. They have come out strongly to portray themselves to the public as service men who have courage and who are ready to face challenges so as to save the nation at large. At the same time they can be regarded as patriotic citizens to the United States of America. Most of the people in the public have come out to face the realities about the firefighters regardless of the negative portrayal by the media.People coincide that the firefighters need to be paid a lot of money for their services since it is one of the risk occupations they venture into. (Baigent and Hill, 2003) Af ter the tragic 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in raw York, the firefighters were regarded as Heroes of the Nation. Although heroes are not born but made through profession, it can be said that at this time they were made through their endeavor sacrifices because they really risked their lives to save people.It is estimated that thousands of firefighters responded to this episode of the World Trade Center and at the same time many perished while trying to save the lives of their married person brothers and sisters who needed their services at that moment. During this time many firefighters arrived at the scene but unfortunately most of them died while trying to save the lives and salvage properties worth billions of money.According to Griffiths (2007), 353 firefighters of those who responded to the attacks died and many succumbed to serious injuries but those who survived act to with their work. At the same time these servicemen had to come from the furthest dista nce of the city to save the nation. For thousands of horrified workers who fled the terrorist attacks, the most remarkable sight during that time was the wave of the determined firefighters who were advancing towards the burning sky.After the terror daylight in New York in the United States of America, all of the fire fighters were therefore hauled and applauded as the true heroes of the nation by both the media and the public at large. They were treated with a lot of respect all over the country. In response to their heroic deeds, the media started to portray them as heroes by using different ways for subject by filming them as heroes, portraying them in television talks as heroes and at the same time the media industries started to award them to motivate them to increase their input in the society.All in all, the firefighters are heroes who work because they love their risky profession without asking for any extra compensation and they need to be given respect. References Baigen t, D. , and Hill, R. 2003. Sunrise Training Firefighters today as emergency Service workers for tomorrow. Cambridge Anglia Polytechnic University. Griffiths, L, John, 2007. Fire Department of New York-An Operational Reference. New York.

Putting Members First Essay Example for Free

Putting Members First EssayAt across the country we deficiency to work with people who share our values. In 200 300 words what do Nationwides values mean to you? And how do you exhibit these when you work with others? Nationwides values are understand and concise, arranged in a 5 letter acronym, PRIDE. Each letter holds impact, and the values are actually clear to what Nationwide believes in. Firstly, they believe in putting members first. This reflects that it is the customers who take priority. I believe that this should be the capitulum of any organisation in that there should be a good quality service in place solely based on satisfying the customer. I would regard the customer in both decision I make/input in teams. Rewarding memberships is also important to Nationwides culture. There has to be an incentive in place to make members feel they are seeking benefits by choosing Nationwide.I would ensure that this is done by being hardworking, and helping others achieve t heir targets, so the members will pull in their reward. Members of Nationwide also have to have trust in the work that they do. I believe in working with integrity and exert professionalism so that the members know that their information is safe, and that they feel they are priority so they can trust that they are receiving the best reward. This links into the next value at Nationwide of doing the in good order thing. I understand that it is important to own up to mistakes and try to amend these rather than trying to encompass them up. Pride in the company should always be ahead of my own pride. Excelling at service is what gives Nationwide its prestigious place as the largest building society in the world. I would ensure that I throttle up to Nationwides high standards.

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal morality Statement EssayMy individual(prenominal) ethics statement includes my values and ideals important to me as an academic and in everyday life. My ethics are personal beliefs and morals that reflect and define the person I am. The decisions and choices I make every day should be consistent with integrity and respect toward others. These ethics will realise my happiness and peace if I keep and hold these values. I believe the value of e timbre for mess regardless of race, religion, and handicaps ensure that each spate can be treated ordinaryly. Treating people with respect and arrogance while holding myself accountable to these principles will ensure that I treat others as I ask to be treated. My preferred ethical lens is the reputation lens. I listen to my mistrust and determine what flake traits and virtues will best serve the community. The equality of a community is important to ensure a fair and balanced society for all. All people should contribute and develop a voice in a community by actively participating and finding common ground thru diversity.I believe in examining each situation in its own context rather than applying same solutions for the whole community. My blind fault possessing unrealistic role expectations either on myself or others means that I need to pay taut attention to my expectations of other individuals. My expectations may not be the same as others, so not forgetting the people make mistakes same as me. Keeping in mind that I am not in control of every situation and that other people are capable of resolving problems or events that I may believe are only accomplishable by me.Trusting other peoples choices and decisions will help in overcoming this blind spot. My strengths include courage and steadiness in the face of obstacles. I avoid rash decisions and at the same time have courage to face unknown or untested waters. I value friendship and keep close connections with people I trust and value. I apprec iate those who work alongside and help to encourage me. I value equality and demonstrate pathos for others in need. My weakness include entitlement, hardness of heart, and confusion.Believing that I am entitled to special privileges and mold others that my role gives me pecial rights are inconsistent with good character traits. Hardness of heart comes from experiences of people that did not have a go at it up to my expectations. I must develop and practice mindfulness not to be confused on the role that I am identified. Identifying my weakness is important, it allows for self-reflection and improvement. The values I hold, and the resultant behavior allows me to listen to my intuition and determine what traits and virtues will serve the community. My values define me and my behaviors are a reflection of whom I am.My behaviors overly affect others in relationships either casual or professional. The choices I make are behaviors and reflect me. My personal ethics determine my course of action allowing me to see more clearly and finding balance in my life. Exploring and digging deep into my own emotions will allow me to discern decisions I make. Keeping an open and open heart in all situations and reexamining my ethics will allow for improvement and correction. I believe that all these things will help keep me focused and grounded to help with better decision making and improve my quality of life.

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Essay Example for Free

Religion and ethnical Diversity EssayReligion and Ethnic DiversityBuddhism was first found in India about 2,500 years ago. Buddhism is an increasing popular religion that continues to be the leading religion in the Far East. Buddhism has advanced over to a large amount of countries that arrive at embraced a vast variety of customs, rituals, printings, and practices. Buddhists do not believe that a God created Earth. Buddha is the lone both(prenominal)(prenominal) Master, Buddhists believe in. Buddhists acknowledge that the crowning(prenominal) purpose of life is to establish consideration for all living beings without inequity and to perform for their piece, good, and happiness. Buddhists have unified the tetrad Noble Truths in their lives, which ar Dukkha, Samudya, Nirodha, and Magga. According to The Four Noble Truths (2013), 1.The lawfulness of suffering (Dukkha). 2. The truth of the origin of suffering (Samudya). 3. The truth of the cessation of suffering (Nirodha ). 4.The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering (Magga), (The Four Noble Truths). Buddhism does not share common characteristics with other religion hosts. Buddhism is, however, receptive to other religions and beliefs. This religious group acknowledges the way other religions teach those involved. These individuals do not believe in a God. It is a belief system like all other religious groups.There are individuals who do not encounter Buddhist and believe that those who do are not going to heaven. Others who refuse to understand Buddhism and how it works drive out it completely because it is not what they believe in. Even though Buddhism is not Americas most safe religion, its beliefs and ideas have been passed into American finishing. It has helped blend American culture. Today there is a large amount of Buddhists who tin to promoting peace amongst one another, reaching out to those who are in prison and who are homeless, and some take down do advocacy for the envi ronment. Buddhists experience hate just like other peck in other religions. In 2003, Chung Tai Buddhist Group applied to construct a surmise and worship center in the city of Walnut, California, but the application was later denied. non only did the city Planning focusing deny the application, but in addition residents were against building the center. Residents disputed against the plan because they believed therewould be an increase in traffic and noise. A few years later the City Planning Commission approved an application to build on some of the area Chung Tai had prepared to use. In 2010, the subdivision of legal expert filed a lawsuit stating the city of Walnut California treated the group unreasonably era dealing with the permit to build the worship and meditation center for Chung Tai Buddhist Group. The Department of Justice came to the conclusion that it was religious discrimination. After learning what Buddhism is and where it originated from allows me to understa nd it more. I now know that it is not only about humming and repeating a few words in another language, but also learning how to live a happier, more pure life even with the struggles and unfortunate events that can occur. Not only that, but respecting every living thing as it is. The Chinese are quite divergent from other racial/ethnic groups. The two most common languages used in China are Mandarin or Can notationse. Mandarin is the government, education, and medias main language that is used in China. Known as the common language, mandarin is the first language that is spoken.The Chinese are a combined society with the chirk up to associate themselves in groups, whether it is to their work group, family, country, or associates. The Chinese depend on non-verbal communication like tone of voice and facial expression, to reveal what other maybe thinking or feeling. The Chinese believe in an ethical system known as Confucianism. Confucianism is a set up of ethics and behaviors tha t signify responsibilities of flock towards one another based on their relationship. The Chinese have and continue to contribute to American culture in many ways. Many Americans embrace Chinese religions. Converting to Buddhism and so many other Asian religions. In the 1800s Chinese immigrants helped working with the gold miners. These men helped construct the intercontinental railway. The Chinese have brought their recipes to American cultures that have been passed down from generation to generation. The Chinese brought their customs, language, and social organization into American culture. On May 6, 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law. It was brought about in reply to economic concerns in the West Coast, where Americans imputed unemployment and withheld advantage to Chinese workers. Americans at the time viewed the Chinese as racially indifferent. Even though the act was repealed during world War II it only allowed 105 Chinese immigrants per year into the United States,which still showed prejudice against the Chinese.I believe the source of prejudice against the Chinese was economic benefit. A large amount of Chinese immigrants came to the states to adjudicate employment opportunities, but were denied at times because of the direct need for employment. I do believe what I have learned about the Chinese helped me understand this group. I learned what a big piece to our culture they provided. I also learned that because of their great impact on American culture some individuals take those same customs and values and incorporate them into their own lives. The Chinese and Buddhist experienced identical situations dealing with discrimination because they were both persecuted for being who they are as individuals. Neither one of these groups tried to be something they were not, so they were prejudged and treated unfairly. These groups experienced different situations dealing with discrimination because the Chinese were discriminated against ba sed on original and observed racial dissimilarities. Buddhists were discriminated against based on who or what they believed in. Buddhists were also discriminated against because of their feeling towards their religion and those belonging to other religious groups. Discrimination towards these two groups and the many others is wrong. It has restricted these groups from opportunities that should have always been available to not only one group, but also all groups of individuals regardless of their fashion or their beliefs.1. The Four Noble Truths. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/fournobletruths_1.shtml 2.

Traditional Art vs Digital Art Essay Example for Free

Traditional Art vs Digital Art EssayTraditional prowess VS Digital device Fri, May 15, 2009 News Because we live in a century dominated by engineering innovation, maneuver itself has been offered brisk creative horizons. and these new advantages have not been considered so effective for the art by rough conservative art lovers, who believe that if the art is not relieve oneselfd using tralatitious tools (pen, oils, watercolor, etc. ) that art cannot be considered true art (true in the meaning of recognizing its real values). blush if the mental picture, the founding or the sketch is created using traditional tools, just a pencil and paper, or a drawing tablet, both reflect in the same way the mechanics creative driveway and talents. ? What is really offending nowadays, due to this technology, is that umpteen people pretend to have become artisans just because he/she can easily combine some Photoshop brushes. The main question that stands is how much of that person s talent is reflected in that resulting piece of art? That depends very much on the person behind the technology.If the person who wants to create ART using the computer is an ARTIST, the resulting piece of digital stuff is ART, without the artist, drawing and manipulating programs cant do a thing.? Sometimes it very hard to discern between the real artists and the ones who are just play with the tools provided by digital programs. There are overly some artists, who pretend their art is totally innovative, revoke or exceeds the limits of imagination by disposing mixtures of abstract elements and finally call it ART.The limits of deciding are actually fragile, because everything that is considered to be ART is decided to be valuable, innovative or absolutely worthless, by subjective points of view, and a design that is considered to be total crap for one might look absolutely amazing in some others opinion. Thats true concerning all kinds of tastes. ?To that, umpteen artists are still attached to those sensitive feelings that traditional art gives, that intimacy between yourself and the blank paper, that process of transforming the paper in front of your eyes, touching it, etting dirty or wrapping it when everything goes wrong. These are feelings that cannot be experienced in front of a monitor.? But although modern art is made of true and false artists, talented and crooks, innovative or copy cats, we cannot ignore the BENEFITS that digital technology has brought.? Digital art is also considered the art of the future, because it provides infinite opportunities for the artist to expand his imagination and show us the crazy and amazing things he can do just by using a mouse, a drawing tablet and his skills.These things can be considered wrong and evil only by those artists who have been painting all their life in the traditional old style and cannot accept or cannot adapt to new techniques.? Digital art can be considered innovating also for the classical pro cess approach programs like adobe brick Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effect, not to speak about the 3d ones, 3D Studio Max and Maya offers the artist many an(prenominal) electronic brushes, pen tools, endless colors and combination, which make their life and the process of creation much easier and pleasant. awed illustrations and images that seemed impossible to create in the past, are possible with the help of new technologies. The progress that digital artist are achieving nowadays in the fantasy/sci-fi field is mind blowing. Even though, there are also charcoal nudes or portraits who carry along profound aesthetic emotions for the viewer.? People may say that when an artist creates a digital piece of art, that piece of art can be printed or sold in various forms in an infinite number of identical copies, and in the same time, that element which is so central for visual art lovers is lost the uniqueness.But lets keep in mind that copies of many famous traditional paintings have been manually created by the painters themselves, in order to satisfy as many collectors as possible.? Probably in the future, digital art will be considered traditional as well. But today, its the artists decision to choose the ways of expression f or their talent. http//blog. tshirt-factory. com/? p=678

Airline Economics Essay Example for Free

Airline political economy EssayThe purpose of this note is to provide background to the study of the passage path industry by concisely discussing four cardinal economic aspects of the industry (1) the nature and measurement of air duct price (2) economies of ambit and hub-and- verbalize system system networks (3) the recountingship amidst yields and market characteristics and (4) the S-curve effect. The Appendix to this note contains a glossary of key terms give without the discussion.Airline CostsAirline be f all in all into three broad categoriesflight elegant be which vary with the derive of flights the air lane offers. These include the costs associated with crews, aircraft servicing, and fuel. Once the respiratory tract sets its schedule, these costs ar firm. traffic-sensitive costs which vary with the number of riders. These include the costs associated with items much(prenominal) as ticketing agents and food. Airlines plan their expenditures on thes e items in anticipation of the level of traffic, but in the short run, these costs be also fixed. fixed viewgraph costs which include general and administrative expenses, costs associated with marketing and advertising, and interest expenses.The largest category of costs is flight-sensitive. An important point about an airlines cost structure, and a key to understanding the nature of aspiration in the industry, is that once an airline has set its schedule, nearly all of its costs are fixed and so evokenot be avoided. Because it is better to generate cash flow to cover some fixed costs, as hostile to none at all, an airline will be willing to fly passengers at prices far at a dismount place its sightly get on cost. This implies that the incidence of price wars during periods of low demand is probably to be greater in this industry than in most.There are two alternative measures of an airlines average (or, equivalently, unit) costscost per available seat mi (ASM)cost per receipts passenger mile ( revolutions per minute)Cost per ASM is an airlines operating costs divided by the total number of seat-miles it flies. (An available seat mile is one seat flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of cogency. Cost per RPM is the airlines operating costs divided by the number of revenue-passenger miles it flies. (A revenue passenger mile is one passenger flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of actual output. These two measures are related by the patternCost per RPM = cost per ASM ( demoralise constituentwhere accuse factor is the fraction of seats an airline fills on its flights. In the end, it is cost per RPM that an airline must worry about, for it must cover its cost per RPM to make a profit.Airlines differ greatly in both their costs per ASM and costs per RPM. For example, in 1992 Southwest had a cost per ASM of 7.00 cents, fleck USAir had a cost per ASM of 10.90 cents. Similarly, Delta had a cost per RPM of 15.33 cents while American had a cost per RPM of 13.81.Differences across airlines in cost per ASM reflect differences in1) average length of flights (cost per ASM declines with keep).2) fleet composition (cost per ASM is lower-rankinger with bigger planes).3) input prices, oddly wage rates.4) input productivity, especially labor.5) overall operating efficiency.Differences across airlines in cost per RPM reflect differences in cost perASM increase differences in load factor. Two airlines might put one across very similar costs per ASM, but instead distinguishable costs per RPM because of differences in load factor. For example, in 1992 USAir and joins cost per ASM differed by less than 2 cents (USAir 10.90, United 9.30), but their costs per RPM differed by nearly 5 cents (USAir 18.54, United 13.80) because of USAirs lower overall load factor (USAir .59, United .67)Economies of Scope and Hub-and-Spoke NetworksEconomies of scope ferment an important role in shaping the structure of the U .S. airline industry. The source of economies of scope in the airline industry is the hub-and-spoke network. In hub-and-spoke network, an airline flies passengers from a set of spoke cities through a central hub, where passengers thence change planes and fly from the hub to their outbound destinations. Thus, a passenger plumping from, say, Omaha to Louisville on American Airlines would board an American flight from Omaha to Chicago, change planes, and then fly from Chicago to Louisville.In general, economies of scope occur when a multiproduct firm can produce given quantities of products at a lower total cost than the total cost of producing these same quantities in separate firms. If quantity can be aggregated into a common measure, this definition is equivalent to saying that a firm producing many products will have a lower average cost than a firm producing just a few products. In the airline industry, it makes economic sense to think about individual origin-destination redupl icates (e.g., St. Louis to New Orleans, St. Louis to Houston, etc.) as distinct products. Viewed in this way, economies of scope would exist if an airlines cost per RPM is lower the more origin-destination pairs its serves.To understand how hub-and-spoke networks give rise to economies of scope, it is first necessary to explain economies of density. Economies of density are essentially economies of scale along a given highway, i.e., reductions in average cost as traffic mass on the route increases. Economies of density occur because of two factors (1) spreading flight sensitive fixed costs and (2) economies of aircraft size. As an airlines traffic volumeincreases, it can fill a larger fraction of seats on a given type of aircraft and thus increase its load factor. The airlines total costs increase plainly slightly as it carries more passengers because traffic-sensitive costs are small in relation to flight-sensitive fixed costs.As a result, the airlines cost per RPM locomote as flight-sensitive fixed costs are spread over a larger traffic volume. As traffic volume on the route gets even larger, it becomes worthwhile to substitute larger aircraft (e.g., 300 seat Boeing 767s) for smaller aircraft (e.g., cl seat Boeing 737s). A key aspect of this substitution is that the 300 seat aircraft flown a given exceed at a given load factor is less than twice as costly as the 150 seat aircraft flown the same keep at the same load factor. The reason is that doubling the number of seats and passengers on a plane does not require doubling the number of pilots or flight attendants or the amount of fuel.Economies of scope emerge from the interplay of economies of density and the properties of a hub-and-spoke network. To see how, contain an origin-destination pair say, Indianapolis to Chicago with a modest amount of traffic. An airline serving only this route would use small planes, and even then, would probably operate with a low load factor. But now consider an airli ne serving a hub-and-spoke network, with the hub at Chicago. If this airline offered flights amongst Indianapolis and Chicago, it would not only draw passengers who want to travel from Indianapolis to Chicago, but it would also draw passengers from traveling from Indianapolis to all other points accessible from Chicago in the network (e.g., Los Angeles or San Francisco). An airline that includes the Indianapolis-Chicago route as bulge out of a larger hub-and-spoke network can operate larger aircraft at higher(prenominal) load factors than an airline serving only Indianapolis-Chicago.As a result, it can benefit from economies of density to achieve a lower cost per RPM along the Indianapolis-Chicago route. In addition, the traffic between Indianapolis and the other spoke cities that will fly through Chicago will increase load factors and lower costs per RPM on all of the spoke routes in the network. The overall effect an airline that serves Indianapolis-Chicago as part of a hub-and- spoke network will have lower costs per RPM than an airline that only servesIndianapolis-Chicago. This is just now what is meant by economies of scope.Relation Between Airline Yields and Market CharacteristicsAn airlines yield is the amount of revenue it collects per revenue passenger mile. It is essentially a measure of the average airline fares, adjusting for differences in distances between different origins and destinations. Airline yields are strongly affected by the characteristics of the particular origin-destination market being served. In particular, at that place are two important relationships Shorter distance markets (e.g., New York-Pittsburgh) tend to have higher yields than longer distance markets (e.g., New York-Denver). Controlling for differences in the number of competitors, flights between smaller markets tend to have higher yields than flights between larger markets.The reasons for relationship 1) are summarized in Figure 1.shorter distancehigher cost per RPMlo wer load factorhigher cost per RPMhigher yieldFigure 1Cost per ASM generally falls as distance increases. This is because, say, doubling trip mileage does not require doubling key inputs such as fuel or labor. Thus, shorter flights have higher cost per ASM than longer flights, and airlines must achieve higher yields to cover these higher costs. In addition, shorter distance flights generally have lower load factors than longer distance flights, which implies a higher cost per RPM for shorter distance flights, again requiring higher yields. Why are load factors lower for shorter flights?The reasons has to do with the greater substitutionpossibilities that consumers have in short-distance markets (e.g., car of train travel are more viable options). In short distance markets, we would therefore expect that some fraction of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., vacationers) would travel on these alternative modes, so short distance flights would have a higher proportion of time-sensitive trav elers (e.g., worry persons) than longer distance flights. Competitive pressures thus force airlines to offer more frequent flight schedules in short-distance markets, which leads to lower load factors.The reason for relationship 2) has to do with the economies of density discussed earlier. Smaller markets will have lower traffic volumes, and airlines will generally operate smaller aircraft at lower load factors, increasing costs per RPM and yields.The S-Curve EffectThe S-curve effect refers to a phenomenon whereby a dominant carriers market grant ( part of RPM) in a particular origin-destination market tends to be greater than the carriers trade of capacity (share of ASM). Thus, for example, if United offers 70% of the seats flown between Denver and San Francisco, and Continental flies the remaining 30%, then the S-curve effect says that Uniteds share of the actual traffic in this market will be greater than 70% and Continentals will be less than 30%. This translates into an S-sh aped relationship between share of capacity and market share, as shown in Figure 2.The S-curve effects stems from two sources. First, an airline with a greater share of capacity in a market is likely to have greater visibleness in that market, so passengers are likely to contact it first. Second, an airline with a greater capacity share is likely to have more frequent and thus more convenient departures. This, too, works to boost its share of the actual traffic.The S-curve phenomenon makes capacity an important competitive weapon in the rivalry among airlines. An airline with the financial resources to leverageaircraft and airport gates to achieve a dominant capacity share on key routes is likely to win the fight for market share. This suggests that, in general, it will be very difficult for a small carrier to challenge a dominant carrier at a hub airport, unless the small carrier can achieve significant cost advantages unrelated to scale. The history of competition in the post-d eregulation airline industry seems to hold this out.